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Colloquial Estonian 5 1 5/30/08, 16:43 The Colloquial Series Series Adviser: Gary King The following languages are available in the Colloquial series: Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic (Levantine) Arabic of Egypt Arabic of the Gulf and Saudi Arabia Basque Breton Bulgarian Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Gujarati Hausa (forthcoming) Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Malay Mongolian Norwegian Panjabi Persian Polish Portuguese Portuguese of Brazil Romanian Russian Scottish Gaelic Serbian Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Spanish of Latin America Swahili Swedish Tamil Thai Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Welsh Yoruba COLLOQUIAL 2s series: The Next Step in Language Learning Chinese Dutch French German (forthcoming) Italian Portuguese of Brazil (forthcoming) Russian Spanish Spanish of Latin America All these Colloquials are available in book and CD packs, or separately. You can order them through your bookseller or via our website. 2 Estonian The Complete Course for Beginners Christopher Moseley 3 First published 1994 by Routledge This edition first published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to © 1994, 2008 Christopher Moseley All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Moseley, Christopher. Colloquial Estonian / Christopher Moseley. – 2nd ed. p. cm. – (Colloquial series) 1. Estonian language – Textbooks for foreign speakers – English. 2. Estonian language – Spoken Estonian. I. Title. PH610. M67 2008 494′. 54582421–dc22 2007038795 ISBN 0-203-01969-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN13: 978-0-415-45054-6 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-45289-2 (audio CDs) ISBN13: 978-0-415-45288-5 (pack) 4 Contents Introduction The sounds of Estonian 1 5 1 Kaks vana sõpra 11 Two old friends 2 Telefon 18 The telephone 3 Kohvikus 30 In a café 4 Tartus 44 In Tartu 5 Pireti juures 56 Visiting Piret 6 Nädala päevad 67 Days of the week 7 Sünnipäev 75 A birthday 8 Piret ajab asju 82 Piret has things to do 9 Piret ostab riideid 94 Piret buys clothes 10 Ilm ja aastaajad 102 Weather and the seasons vi 11 Poes 110 Shopping 12 Tööelu 119 Working life 13 Kodune elu 126 Home life 14 Meresõit 135 Sailing 15 Küllakutse 143 An invitation 16 Eesti kirjandus 153 Estonian literature 17 Kaubamajas 163 At a department store 18 Eestit avastamas 170 Discovering Estonia 19 Rongisõit 177 A train journey 20 Jõulud 186 Christmas Key to exercises 195 Ready-reference grammar 213 Glossary of grammatical terms 221 Estonian–English glossary 226 English–Estonian glossary 250 Grammatical index 256 6 Introduction Estonian is a member of the Baltic-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugrian family of languages, and is thus one of the few languages in Europe that is not Indo-European. It is closely related to Finnish (and to the almost extinct languages Livonian, Vepsian and Votic) and more distantly related to Hungarian. To the uninitiated reader, then, Estonian will at first seem very baffling, and even quite daunting, with few if any features recognizable to the English speaker. But it is not a particularly complex language to learn once one becomes familiar with a few grammatical rules and its coherent and regular processes of word and sentence formation. It is written in the Roman alphabet, and its spelling system is very consistent and regular. Up to now there has been no comprehensive and widely available textbook of the Estonian language in English, and this book is an attempt to make up for that absence. It is designed both as a selftutor and for use in classes. Although all points of pronunciation, grammar and syntax are explained as simply and plainly as possible, it should also satisfy the student of linguistics in that it attempts to be thorough and accurate as well. CDs accompany this book to help you to get acquainted with the sound of the language and to interact with it. The subject matter covered in the lessons aims to give as broad a reflection as possible of modern Estonian life, whatever one’s motives for learning the language may be. Estonian is the native language of about one million people living in the Republic of Estonia, situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland at the eastern end of the Baltic Sea. It is also spoken by another hundred thousand people of Estonian birth or descent living in Sweden, Germany, the USA, Canada, the UK, Australia and several other countries. The country has had a turbulent and fascinating history, largely owing to its sensitive strategic position. To its north lies Finland, to the west, Sweden, to the south, Latvia and to the east, Russia. The proximity of all these countries is reflected in varying degrees in the 5/30/08, 16:44 Introduction Estonian language. Another profound cultural and linguistic influence on the language has been exercised by the Baltic-German nobility who lived in what was then Livonia (present-day Estonia and Latvia) from the times of the Teutonic Knights or ‘Brethren of the Sword’, who brought Christianity to the region in the twelfth century. German cultural influence on the Estonian language is evident not only in the rich vein of vocabulary relating to church and state administration and everyday cultural artefacts, but even in the word order. The next stratum of cultural influence laid down on the language came from Sweden, which administered Livonia for over two hundred years, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Estonia’s neighbour Finland was under Swedish rule for a much longer period, and Swedish influence on the Finnish language was consequently much more profound than on Estonian. In the eighteenth century the shift in the balance of power in northern Europe brought Livonia within the Russian Empire, in which it remained until Estonia, like the other Baltic republics of Latvia and Lithuania, became an independent republic in 1918. Even then, Estonia’s independence was not easily held; a bitter civil war lasted until 1920, and the independent state of Estonia lasted only until 1940, when the country, along with its Baltic neighbours, was forcibly absorbed into the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact which divided north-eastern Europe into spheres of influence between the Nazi and Soviet empires. It was only during this Soviet period that Russian influence on the Estonian language made itself felt profoundly. The far-reaching changes in Estonian society that the Soviet administration brought with it are of course reflected in the vocabulary of modern Estonian. Now that Estonia is independent again, following the country’s declaration of independence in 1990 and the collapse of the USSR in 1991, it remains to be seen how deep-rooted this Russian influence on the language has been. Present-day Estonia is a country undergoing rapid change. Even during the darkest days of the Soviet era, the Estonians were a westward-looking people, who enjoyed one of the highest material standards of living in the USSR. Cultural links with Finland were maintained as far as possible, and Estonia’s unique culture was preserved with fierce pride against almost overwhelming odds. The greatest threat to the integrity of the nation was posed by the influx of immigrants from other Soviet republics, mostly Russia, and the concomitant policy of heavy industrialization which was a conscious part of the Soviet programme of welding together a community of ‘fraternal’ republics. The legacy of this is the large Russian-speaking population which remains in Estonia today. Only time will tell what will become of the ethnic disparities that exist in the young republic. Twenty-first century Estonia has made amazing strides towards becoming a modern, wired-up, western European nation, all the more so since the country joined the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 2004. English speakers and Estonians have become a lot more familiar with one another in the decade since this volume was first written, and Estonia is now a popular tourist destination for people from Britain and the USA. The welcome will be even warmer for someone who has made the effort to learn something of the culture and language of this unique nation. Of course, for those who know Russian it is possible to get by in a superficial way, and even communicate with the sizeable Russian-speaking population, but if you really want to get to know Estonia well, the only way is to learn the language. You will find that your Estonian friends and colleagues are eager to help and encourage you, and the experience of learning this beautiful tongue will be well worth the effort. Good luck in your studies! Acknowledgements I would like to record my grateful thanks to numerous people who have offered help and encouragement in the writing of this book. In the initial stages my inspiration and guidance came from the late Professor Eduard Vääri of the University of Tartu, whose knowledge of the intricacies both of the Estonian language and of teaching it are second to none. As the book developed I have had invaluable help and numerous suggestions from Tiina Tamman, Alliki Lukk and Merit Ilja, to whom I am sincerely grateful. In preparing this new edition, I have been grateful for the help and encouragement of Lembi Loigu. Any sins of omission or commission that remain after their careful scrutiny are entirely my own. In writing this volume I have consulted several authoritative dictionaries and textbooks, which I would like to mention here: Dictionaries Rauk, M. (1980) Inglise–eesti sõnaraamat koolidele, Tallinn: Valgus. Saagpakk, P. F. (1981) Eesti–inglise sõnaraamat, New Haven: Yale University Press. Introduction Veldi, E. (2002) Eesti–inglise sõnaraamat/Estonian–English Dictionary, Tallinn: Koolibri. Textbooks Erelt, M. (ed. ) (2003) Estonian Language, Tallinn: Estonian Academy Publishers. Oser, W. and T. Salasoo (1982) Estonian for Beginners, Sydney: Estonian Learning Materials. Pesti, M. and H. Ahi (2006) E nagu Eesti, Tallinn: TEA 2006 (for beginners, in Estonian). —— T nagu Tallinn, Tallinn: TEA 2006 (for more advanced students, in Estonian). Tuldava, J. (1994) Estonian Textbook, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. The sounds of Estonian The sounds of Estonian The alphabet (names of the letters in brackets) a b [c] d e [f] g h i j k l (aa) (bee) (tsee) (dee) (ee) (eff) (gee) (haa) (ii) ( jott) (kaa) (ell) m n o p [q] r s [sˇ] [z] [zˇ] t (emm) (enn) (oo) (pee) (kuu) (err) (ess) (sˇaa) (sh as in Shah) (zee) (zˇee) (tee) u (uu) v (vee) [w] (topeltvee/ kaksisvee) õ (õõ) ä (ää) ö (öö) ü (üü) [x] (iks) [y] (igrek) The letters given in square brackets occur only in words and names of foreign origin. Pronunciation You can hear a selection of the following material on the accompanying CD. Consonants (CD 1; 2) The consonants g, b, d are pronounced like their English counterparts, but with slightly less voicing. In genuine Estonian words they are not found in the first position. 5/30/08, 16:45 The sounds of Estonian lugema sugu mägi viga magama põder rida to read gender, stock, family hill mistake to sleep elk, moose row, line pada pidama ader tuba habe lubama hõbe pot to hold plough room beard to promise silver In the final position in a word b, d and g lose their voicing: tuleb toad poeg comes rooms son sulg kuld kurb feather, pen gold sad The consonant combination ng is always pronounced [rg] (as two sounds): ring circle play mäng The consonants b, d, g and k, p, t form a set which is subject to a phenomenon called ‘consonant gradation’. Depending on a variety of factors which we shall study in the grammar lessons, these sounds occur in different ‘grades’ of length and voicing. At the beginning of a word, k, p and t are pronounced as in English, but without the aspiration or slight puff of air which is usually emitted in English words: kana paras taga hen right behind kott pea tere bag head hello Within a word, k, p and t are lengthened after a stressed short vowel: rukis tiku lükata rye of a match postpone õpin lipu mõte I learn of a flag thought After a long vowel or diphthong or a voiced consonant, k, p and t are pronounced even longer, with double length: sööki vaipa vaatan (some) food (some) carpet I look aitan jäätis I help ice cream When written double, kk, pp and tt are longer still, even at the end of a word: The sounds of Estonian pakkuma kokku tuppa kappi to offer together into the room into the cupboard 7 tükk õppida katta võtta piece, item to learn cover to take The dental consonants (those in which the teeth are involved in articulation), namely d, t, n, l and s, occur in two forms: unpalatalized and palatalized. Palatalization originally occurred because of a following i or j: ostja ‘buyer’, võti ‘key’; but in the present-day language the i which caused the palatalization has in some cases been dropped as the result of sound changes. Palatalization is not shown in written Estonian. In the following examples, we need to know other forms of the word – the type of declension involved – in order to guess whether the final consonant is palatalized or not. This is part of the process of consonant gradation which we will come to later. palatalized müts (gen. mütsi) cap patt (gen. pati) stalemate kott (gen. koti) bag, sack, clog unpalatalized müts (gen. mütsu) thump patt (gen. patu) sin kott (gen. kota) large shoe l and s are clearer than in English, because the point of articulation in Estonian is lower and further forward: süsi sisse coal in(to) elan talle I live to him h is usually pronounced as in English, and in all positions: hammas tsehh tooth department ahju stove (gen. ) The letter j is pronounced like the ‘y’ in English ‘yet’, and it can be doubled: maja house majja into the house Generally no difference is heard in pronunciation between s and z, or sˇ and zˇ, the last two of which, found only in foreign words, represent the sounds in ‘ship’ and ‘beige’. None of the sounds is usually voiced. The sound r is fairly strongly trilled, and can occur both short and long: korral kord in case order, time härra 7 gentleman, Mr 8 The sounds of Estonian The other letters occurring in native words, namely m, n and v, are pronounced as in English, but when written double they are pronounced with extra length. I mina go minna f, which occurs only in recent foreign loans, is pronounced as in English: chief, boss, (slang) cool sˇeff film film q, w, x and y occur only in foreign names and have no designated pronunciation in Estonian. Vowels (CD 1; 3) There are nine vowels in Estonian, three of which do not occur in English. All of them may occur either short or long, and are written as such. a is pronounced short as in ‘agenda’ and long as in ‘father’: hallo tahtsin hallo I wanted again we get taas saame e is pronounced short as in ‘fell’ and long as in ‘café’: tere kell hi, good-day clock meeldiv pleasant need these, those i is pronounced short as in ‘filling’ and long as in ‘feeling’: iga mida each what viis five kiiresti quickly o is pronounced short as in ‘pot’ and long as in ‘port’: kolm kohvik three café oktoober Soome October Finland u is pronounced short as in ‘put’ and long as in ‘stool’: kuna pulma when of a wedding juuli suu July mouth õ is a narrow, unrounded back vowel. It is produced with the tongue in the position for ‘u’ as in ‘put’ and the lips in the position for ‘i’ in ‘pit’. The nearest English equivalent is the vowel in ‘bird’, but õ is more tense: The sounds of Estonian I study speech õpin kõne 9 foreign bush võõras põõsas ä is identical to the vowel in English ‘cat’: käsi hand tänan I thank (you) hääl äär sound, voice, vote edge ö is a narrow rounded central vowel, like the same letter in German: öelda köök to say kitchen söön töö I eat work ü is a narrow rounded front vowel, made by rounding the lips and articulating further forward than ö: süda heart püha sacred, festival süüa püüda eat try Note that for all the above vowels, the long form has the same quality as the short, and is not a diphthong or a different vowel as in some cases in English. In addition to pure vowels, there are numerous diphthongs in Estonian, including: ai au ei oa oi aitäh au ei noad poiss Stress thanks honour not knives boy ui õu äe äo kui lõug päev näo as, when, if chin day of a face (CD 1; 4) The main stress in words of Estonian origin is on the first syllable, but in words of recent foreign origin it may also fall on subsequent syllables, as underlined below: allergia Austraalia probleem allergy Australia problem revolutsioon revolution partei (political) party Exceptions among native words are very rare indeed; one such word is aitäh ‘thanks’. This word is also an exception to another rule: that all vowels may occur in the first (stressed) syllable of words of Estonian origin, but subsequent syllables may contain only a, e, i, o or u, and of these, o occurs only rarely. This is the result of a process of sound change in Estonian. 10 Exercise 1 Practise saying these words aloud: buss gaas dollar Helsingi sangad pipar nutan ratas mitu rääkida kleiti pakk appi hüüda ette lipp vett kisa asi tulen kallas hiir hea hind hääl palju juba ju järgmine rõõm veri nurk number ema homme bus gas dollar Helsinki handles, frames pepper I weep wheel some to speak (some) dress packet to call for help forward flag (some) water scream (n) thing I come shore mouse good price voice much already indeed, after all next joy blood corner number mother tomorrow liiv vilu mõni kõrge üks süüdi süü küüs hästi täna alles vabanda veel enamik midagi kiirus viimane viiksin hotell oleme konstitutsioon juuni just mu praen mao teadus poed veebruar lõa nõel sõita tõotada kräunuda sand cool, chilly some high one guilty guilt nail, claw well today only, not until excuse (me) still, yet majority something speed last I would take hotel we are constitution June just, exactly my I fry snake’s science shops February of a tether needle to travel to pledge to mew, whine Unit 1: Two old friends 1 Kaks vana sõpra Two old friends By the end of this unit you should: • • • • • be familiar with the present tense and infinitives of the verb know a little about the importance of consonant grades know something about the Estonian noun case system be able to greet other people formally and informally know about ‘definiteness’ and ‘indefiniteness’ Dialogue 1 (CD 1; 5) Kaks vana sõpra 12 Unit 1: Kaks vana sõpra Tõnu is a 19-year-old Estonian boy and Piret is a girl of the same age. They have not seen each other since they left school, but one day they meet by chance on the street in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Tere, Piret! Tere, Tõnu! Kuidas sa elad? Tänan, hästi. Kas sa oled üliõpilane? Jah, ma olen üliõpilane. Kus sa õpid? Ma õpin Tartu Ülikoolis. Kas sa töötad? Jah, ma töötan Tallinna Kaubamajas. Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Hi, Piret! Hi, Tõnu! How are you? Well, thanks. Are you a student? Yes, I’m a student. Where are you studying? I’m studying at the University of Tartu. Are you working? Yes, I work in the Tallinn department store. In the vocabulary lists that appear throughout the book, nouns and adjectives are given in the nominative and genitive cases; the partitive form is also given in the glossary at the end of the book. A dash (–) indicates that the form is identical to the nominative. Verbs are given in the infinitive -ma form. Vocabulary tere! kuidas sina or sa elama kuidas sa elad? tänama tänan hästi kas oled õpilane, -lase hi! good day! hello! how you (sing., familiar) live how are you? thank thanks well? (opens a yes/no question) (you, sing. ) are student yes I am where study, learn (you, sing. ) study university town in southern Estonia ülikool, -i university töötama work Tallinn, -a capital of Estonia kaubamaja, – department store jah mina or ma olen kus õppima õpid Tartu, – 13 Language points The present tense of the verb The present tense of the Estonian verb has the following endings: 1st person singular ‘I’ 2nd person singular ‘you’ 3rd person singular ‘he/she/it’ 1st person plural ‘we’ 2nd person plural ‘you’ 3rd person plural ‘they’ -n -d -b -me -te -vad Thus the conjugation of the Estonian verb õppima ‘study, learn’ looks like this (note the short and long forms of the pronouns): mina (ma) õpin sina (sa) õpid tema (ta) õpib meie (me) õpime teie (te) õpite nemad (nad) õpivad Notice here that Estonian makes no distinction between ‘he’ and ‘she’: they are both tema/ta. Consonant gradation The difference between the -pp- of the infinitive õppima and the single -p- in the present-tense forms is an instance of the phenomenon of consonant gradation, which is an integral part of Estonian grammar and applies to all declinable classes of words. There are three grades of consonants in Estonian, distinguished by different degrees of length (see the notes in the introductory chapter ‘The Sounds of Estonian’). We shall be returning to consonant gradation again later as we meet it in various forms. The verb olema: ‘to be’ The verb ‘to be’ in Estonian is olema, and it is irregular. It conjugates like this: mina (ma) olen sina (sa) oled tema (ta) on see on I am you are he/she is it is meie (me) oleme we are teie (te) olete you are nemad (nad) on they are 14 Unit 1: Kaks vana sõpra Optional pronouns Notice that pronouns are not always used with present-tense verbs, because the endings alone indicate the person of the verb: Kuidas elad? or Kuidas sa elad? How are you? (lit., how do you live? ) Definiteness and indefiniteness Ma olen õpilane. I am a student. Notice that in this sentence there is no article corresponding to ‘a’ in English. The sentence could just as well mean ‘I am the student’, depending on the context. Estonian has different ways of indicating definiteness (‘the’) and indefiniteness (‘a’) from English, and these ways are built into the case system, which we shall now examine. Noun cases Estonian has a system of noun cases which largely do the work that prepositions do in English. The nominative case, which represents the subject of the sentence, is the basic form given in the glossaries, and it has no particular characteristic ending: õpilane, ülikool, kaubamaja, Piret and so on. Thus in the example given above, Ma olen õpilane, both ma and õpilane appear in the nominative case. There are fourteen commonly used noun cases in Estonian, and we shall meet them all in the course of the units. For most of the cases it is necessary to add an ending to the stem of the genitive case, which indicates possession or belonging, roughly corresponding to ‘of’ in English. The genitive form usually ends in a vowel, and because of its importance in forming other cases, you will find the genitive form given after the nominative form for all nouns listed in the glossaries. For example, the genitive of ülikool is ülikooli, and knowing this form we can form nearly all the other cases of this noun. In the large number of cases where a noun ends in a consonant, a single vowel is added: Tallinn > Tallinna, as in the sentence Ma töötan Tallinna Kaubamajas. I work in the Tallinn department store. 15 In cases where the noun ends in a vowel, this will also be the genitive singular form, and so most other case endings will be added directly to this stem: Tartu > Tartu- for instance. I study at the University of Tartu. Ma õpin Tartu Ülikoolis. When we come to study adjectives, we will see that they too can be declined; in most cases they agree in number and case with the noun they qualify. We say Piret is a young woman. Piret on noor naine. but Tõnu on noore naise sõber. Tõnu is the young woman’s friend. How to say ‘in’ Look at the first two examples given in the above section and you will see that in both cases the final noun ends in -s, added to the genitive stem. This is the characteristic ending of the inessive case, which roughly corresponds to ‘in’ or ‘at’ in English; it generally refers to a position ‘inside’ something. So we find: nom. gen. iness. ülikool ülikooli ülikoolis university of the university at the university nom. iness. kaubamaja kaubamaja kaubamajas department store of the department store at the department store. Exercise 1 Pronounce the following words: tuba, seda, viga hapu, mitu, rukis tüüpiline, saatus, liikuda kimpu, Tartu, hankida õppetükk, kütta, hakkan padi, nalja, pann käsi, kott, sepp sul, kuidas, Soomes elad, veel, laeval 16 Unit 1: Kaks vana sõpra õnn, sõber, võõras, kõik, lõoke küla, ülikoolis, sügisel Exercise 2 Write the correct forms of the verb: Mina elan Tartus. Sina _______ Tartus. Tema _______ Tallinnas. Meie _______ Rakveres. Teie _______ Narvas. Nemad _______ Eestis (= in Estonia). Mina töötan kaubamajas. Sina _______ kaubamajas. Tema _______ majas (= in the house). Meie _______ ülikoolis. Teie _______ koolis (= at the school). Nemad _______ Tallinnas. Exercise 3 Translate into Estonian: 1 How is Piret? 2 She is well. 3 Where does she study? 4 She studies at Tartu University. 5 Where does Tõnu work? 6 Tõnu works at the Tallinn department store. Reading passage (CD 1; 6) Piret on noor naine. Ta õpib Tartu Ülikoolis. Tartu on ülikoolilinn, mis asub Lõuna-Eestis. Tõnu on noor mees, Pireti vana sõber, kes elab ja töötab Tallinnas. Tallinn on Eesti pealinn. Pealinnas on kaubamaja, kus Tõnu töötab. Vocabulary noor, -e naine, naise ka linn, -a ülikoolilinn, -a mis asuma lõuna, – young woman also, too town university town which, what be situated south Eesti, – mees, mehe vana, – sõber, sõbra ja pea, – pealinn, -a Estonia man old friend and head capital city 17 Exercise 4 See if you can answer these questions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kes on Piret? Kus ta õpib? Mis on Tartu? Kus see asub? Kes on Tõnu? Kas Tõnu on Pireti sõber? Kus ta elab? Kus ta töötab? Kas Tallinn on Eesti pealinn? Mis on pealinnas? Kus Tõnu töötab? Unit 2: Telefon 2 Telefon The telephone By the end of this unit you should be able to: • • • • • • • • recognize and use two more noun cases ask ‘where’ and ‘when’ make suggestions and give commands use the word for ‘not’ with verbs use some more greetings form questions have a simple telephone conversation describe what you do in your daily activities (CD 1; 7) Tõnu helistab Piretile Piret’s mother answers the telephone when Tõnu rings up Piret’s home. Ema: Tõnu: Ema: Tõnu: Ema: Tõnu: Ema: Tõnu: Ema: Tõnu: Ema: Hallo! Tervist. Siin räägib Tõnu Tamm. Vabandage, palun, kas see on Pireti korter? On küll. Kas Piret on kodus? Ei ole. Ega te ei tea, kus ta on? Ta on linnas. Millal ta tuleb? Ta tuleb varsti. Helistage natukene hiljem! Aitäh. Head aega! Head aega! 5/30/08, 16:46 Unit 2: The telephone 19 Mother: Hello! Tõnu: Hello. This is Tõnu Tamm speaking. Excuse me, please, is that Piret’s flat? Mother: It is. Tõnu: Is Piret at home? Mother: No, she isn’t. Tõnu: And you don’t know where she is? Mother: She’s in town. Tõnu: When is she coming (back)? Mother: She’s coming soon. Ring a little later! Tõnu: Thanks. Goodbye! Mother: Goodbye! Vocabulary telephone (he/she/it) isn’t mother hello (used only when answering telephone) tervist greetings, hi siin here rääkima, räägin speak vabandage excuse (me) (polite form) paluma request, ask palun please kodu, – home seal there telefon, – ei ole ema, – hallo ei korter, -i ega teada millal tulema, tulen varsti helistama natuke(ne) hiljem aitäh hea aeg, aja head aega not, no flat, apartment nor, and not know when come soon ring a little later thanks (less formal than tänan) good time goodbye Greeting people in Estonian (CD 1; 8) There are several ways of saying ‘hello’ and ‘goodbye’ in Estonian, depending on the situation, the time of day, how well the speakers know each other, and of course whether the conversation is face to face or on the telephone. When picking up the telephone, for instance, Estonians might say Hallo – but they would not expect the 20 Unit 2: Telefon same greeting in response as an English speaker might give, and they would not use Hallo in face-to-face conversation. Instead we might find one of several greetings, depending on the circumstances. The most common greeting in all circumstances is: Tere! or Tervist! hello, hi (at any time of day) Other common greetings are: Tere päevast! Tere hommikust! Tere õhtust! good day (daytime) good morning good evening And to say goodbye, we might choose between these greetings: good-bye good night see you later Head aega! Head ööd! Nägemiseni! Polite and familiar forms In Estonian, unless you know a person well, it is usual to use the polite form of ‘you’ Teie (short form Te). To good friends, children and family members it is usual to use the intimate, familiar form sina (short form sa). You will learn this etiquette with practice, but if in doubt among Estonians, it is safest to use Te(ie) – and note that it is written with a capital T. More about consonant changes As we saw in the pronunciation section of the introductory chapter, in Estonian both vowels and consonants can have varying degrees of length. As Estonian is written very much as it is spoken, the length is usually reflected in the spelling: sada ‘hundred’, but saada ‘get’; sina ‘you’, but sinna ‘there’. As far as consonants are concerned, this phenomenon is called consonant gradation. In Lesson 1 we met the verb õppima ‘study’, which has the present tense forms: õpin õpid õpib õpime õpite õpivad 21 We noted in Lesson 1 that there are three grades in Estonian. We see in the example above that there is only one -p- in the present tense form, and yet a double -pp- in the infinitive. But there is another kind of distinction: between voiced and unvoiced consonants. For instance, the infinitive of the verb rääkima ‘speak’ changes in the present tense to: räägin räägid räägib räägime räägite räägivad The set of consonants to which these changes apply is: -g-b-d- -k-p-t- -kk-pp-tt- We will learn more about these grades, sometimes called ‘strong’ and ‘weak’, in the next unit. For the present we need only note the principle of consonant gradation here; we will learn more about it as we meet more instances of it. Verbs in the present tense We have now met a few common Estonian verbs, and nearly all of them follow a regular pattern in all persons of the conjugation based on the infinitive ending in -ma. Here are a few of the most useful common verbs in their infinitive and present-tense forms: olema tulema tahtma minema nägema present present present present present tense tense tense tense tense olen, oled, on... tulen, tuled, tuleb... tahan, tahad, tahab... lähen, lähed, läheb... näen, näed, näeb... be come want go see If the verb is irregular, in the following units in the Vocabularies the first person singular is given. There are actually two kinds of infinitive of the verb in Estonian, ending in -ma and -da. This book, like most Estonian dictionaries, gives the -ma form in vocabulary lists because it is easier to form the other parts of the verb from this. We will learn the difference in uses of the two infinitives in later lessons. 22 Giving commands Excuse (me)! Ring a little later! Vabandage! Helistage natuke hiljem! The imperative or command form of the verb is very easy to form in Estonian. There are two types of imperative: singular and plural (or familiar and polite). We will discuss the singular (familiar) form later. In this unit we find Tõnu addressing an older person whom he has never met before – Piret’s mother – so they use the polite or plural form to each other. This is formed for most verbs by replacing the -da of the infinitive with -ge or -ke. Thus we find vabandage ‘excuse (me)’, formed from vabandada ‘forgive’, ‘excuse’, and helistage ‘ring’ formed from helistada ‘ring’. Here are some more examples: Tulge! Rääkige! Come! Speak! Paluge! Oodake! Palun tulge siia! Palun rääkige aeglasemalt! Minge otse sisse ja paluge! Palun oodake veel hetke! Ask! Wait! Please come here! Please speak more slowly! Go straight in and ask! Please wait a moment longer! ‘Here’ and ‘there’ When ‘here’ and ‘there’ are used in the sense of ‘in/at this or that place’, the word for ‘here’ in Estonian is siin, and for ‘there’ is seal: Piret lives here. Tõnu lives there. Piret elab siin. Tõnu elab seal. Negative statements Ta ei ole kodus. Te ei tea, kus ta on. He/she isn’t at home. You don’t know where he/she is. To make verbs negative in Estonian, we place the form ei before the stem of the verb. (The stem is what is left when we take away the personal endings from the present tense. ) So, for instance, we have mina olen ‘I am’, but mina ei ole ‘I am not’. To take the example of the verb õppima, we take the stem (õpi-) and place ei before it, like this: Unit 2: The telephone mina (ma) ei õpi sina (sa) ei õpi 23 I am not studying you are not studying But notice that there is a special word for ‘and not’: ega. The word ei can be repeated even when we have ega, resulting in a kind of double negative: Ega te ei tea, kus ta on? And you don’t know where she is? (Notice also the comma after tea, unlike English usage. ) What Tõnu is actually asking with this construction is ‘Do you know where she is? ’ It is quite easy to make sentences negative. Here are some more examples: Mina ei räägi eesti keelt. Tema ei helista hiljem. Ma ei tea, kus on ülikool. Ma ei saa aru. I don’t speak Estonian (= the Estonian language). She will not ring later. I don’t know where the university is. I don’t understand. If you have the recording, listen to the way verbs are negated after these commands: (CD 1; 9) Tulge! Ma ei tule. Helistage! Ma ei helista. Rääkige! Ma ei räägi. Paluge! Ma ei palu. Oodake! Ma ei oota. (ootama = wait) Exercise 1 Respond in the negative as above: 1 Olge! 2 Nähke! 3 Minge! 4 Vabandage! 5 Õppige! The partitive case hea aeg head aega! a/the good time goodbye! (lit. : some good time! ) (implied wish) Other greetings and congratulations are also in the partitive, because they imply the verb soovin ‘I wish’: Happy new year! Happy Christmas! Head uut aastat! Häid jõule! (plural in Estonian)... Palju õnne! (= Much luck! ) Congratulations! 24 Unit 2: Telefon We will learn more about these partitive forms in later lessons. The partitive case is one of the most commonly used noun cases in Estonian, and we shall have more to say about it in later lessons. Its basic meaning is ‘some of’, ‘part of’ – hence its name. It can take various endings in the singular and plural, but the most common endings for the partitive singular are -d and -t, depending on the preceding sound. There are two examples of the partitive in the conversation we have just read. When Tõnu greeted Piret’s mother he wished her tervist, which literally means ‘(some) health’. Tervis means ‘health’, and we add the partitive -t to form the greeting. The second example of the partitive came at the end of the conversation: head aega. The partitive case is one of the cases in Estonian that is used for both nouns and adjectives, so here we find hea ‘good’ + partitive -d and aeg ‘time’ + partitive -a: literally ‘(some) good time’, another common greeting when taking leave of someone. The partitive case has many and varied uses, so many that we will not attempt to cover them all in one lesson. Remember, though, that it is called partitive because it is used with nouns (almost always objects of verbs) that are perceived as partial. For example, it is always used with the objects of verbs that are negative: Ta ei räägi eesti keelt. He doesn’t speak Estonian. (keel = language) Ma ei tea seda. I don’t know that. Because the partitive case is so commonly used in Estonian, and because its form cannot easily be guessed, you will find the partitive form of each noun and adjective given along with the nominative and genitive in the glossary at the end of the book. There is also a partitive of absence, which uses this case to indicate that something or someone is lacking or not present. We learned just now to say Ta ei ole kodus ‘He/She isn’t at home’, but we could also use the partitive and say simply Teda ei ole. Or to say ‘Piret isn’t at home’, we could say Piretit ei ole. Exercise 2 Write out in full the present tense forms of these verbs: paluma, teadma, tulema, rääkima. 25 Exercise 3 How would you say: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tõnu Tamm isn’t here. Piret isn’t in town. I’m not asking (küsima) where she is. She isn’t at home either. I won’t come (= I’m not coming) yet, I’m coming a little later. I speak English. Exercise 4 Look up in the glossary at the end of this book the partitive forms of: kool, Tallinn, kaubamaja, kauplus. Another verb for ‘know’ apart from teadma (to know a fact or the existence of something) is tundma (tunnen) – to be acquainted with someone or something. How would you say, using the above words: 1 2 3 4 5 We don’t know the school. She doesn’t know Tallinn. I don’t know the department store. You ( pl. ) don’t know the shop. I don’t know that boy. Dialogue 2 (CD 1; 10) Tõnu proovib jälle A little later, Tõnu tries to ring Piret again. This time he has more success. Ema: Tõnu: Ema: Tõnu: Hallo! Tervist. Siin räägib jälle Tõnu Tamm. Palun, kas Piret on kodus? On küll. Ma kohe kutsun. Oodake natukene. Tänan. Ma ootan. After a moment, Piret comes to the telephone. Piret: Tõnu: Hallo! Tere! Siin räägib Tõnu. Kuidas sa elad? 26 Unit 2: Telefon Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Aitäh, pole viga. Aga sina? Tänan, hästi. Kas sa tahad täna kuhugi minna? Jah. Kuhu me läheme? Ma mõtlen, et võib-olla läheme kinno. Mother: Hello! Tõnu: Hello. This is Tõnu Tamm speaking again. Is Piret at home, please? Mother: Yes, she is. I’ll just call her. Wait a moment. Tõnu: Thanks. I’ll wait. Piret: Hello! Tõnu: Hi! This is Tõnu speaking. How are you? Piret: Thanks, I’m all right. And you? Tõnu: Fine, thanks. Do you want to go somewhere today? Piret: Yes. Where shall we go? Tõnu: I thought we might go to the cinema. Vocabulary jälle küll kohe kutsuma ootama pole (= ei ole) viga pole viga again indeed, yes immediately, straight away call, invite wait isn’t, am not, aren’t fault all right aga tahtma, tahan minema, lähen kuhugi täna kuhu mõtlema, et võib-olla kino, – but, and want go (to) somewhere today where (to)? think that perhaps cinema Suggesting Notice how Tõnu makes his suggestion: Kas sa tahad täna kuhugi minna? Do you want to go somewhere today? 27 There are two points to note about this question. First, the form of the verb infinitive, minna, is an example of what we call the -da infinitive, ‘to go’. You will learn how these two infinitives are used in different contexts in later lessons, but for now a simple rule of thumb is: if ‘to (do something)’ really means ‘in order to (do something)’ in English, then the appropriate form is probably -ma; otherwise -da is used. Second, the question-word kas precedes the suggestion, and the verb minna (which is irregular, as we noted above) goes to the end of the sentence, as it is governed by another verb: tahad ‘you want’. This is a common word order for suggestions and other ‘yes/no’ questions of this type. Movement ‘to’ a place or thing Ma mõtlen, et võib-olla läheme kinno. (CD 1; 11) I thought (‘think’) we might go to the cinema. The illative is the noun case that answers the question ‘into what? ’ It has two forms, long and short. The long form adds -sse to the genitive stem, but in this lesson we will only concern ourselves with the short form. If the last consonant of the noun is short, then it is lengthened; if it is already long, then the final vowel of the nominative noun is added. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but we will note them as we go along. Example: kino kaubamaja linn cinema department store town gen. linna illative illative illative kinno kaubamajja linna The question-word kuhu ‘where (to)’, ‘whither’ is also in the illative case, as is the word kuhugi ‘to somewhere’. But the word for ‘(to) home’ is irregular: koju (kodus means ‘at home’). Piret on kodus. Piret läheb koju. Piret is at home. Piret is going home. If you have the recording, listen to these sentences and note the differences in the forms of the nouns: Tallinnas on kino. Linnas on kaubamaja. Tartu on suur linn. Me läheme kinno. Me läheme kaubamajja. Me läheme linna. 28 Exercise 5 How would you say in Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I’m going somewhere. Tõnu is going to the department store. Piret is going to town. They are going to the cinema. We’re not going anywhere. (= somewhere) Perhaps I’ll go home. I think we might go to the town. Exercise 6 Translate the following dialogue into Estonian: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: Excuse me, do you know where Tõnu is? Yes, he’s coming to town soon. But don’t you know where he is? No, I don’t know. Perhaps he’s already in town. No, I know he’s not there. Perhaps he’s at the department store. He’s going to the department store today, I know. Thanks, I’ll come (say: I am coming) a little later. Exercise 7 Here are the names of some places. In each case, how would you say: ‘I don’t know... (place name, using partitive)’ and ‘We are travelling to... (place name, using sõitma and both forms of the illative)’: 1 Tallinn 2 Tartu 3 Pärnu 4 Soome (Finland) 5 Läti (Latvia) 6 Leedu (Lithuania) 7 Niguliste kirik (church in Tallinn) 8 Rootsi (Sweden) 9 Eesti (Estonia) Tõnu helistab (CD 1; 12) Kui Piret on Tallinnas, elab ta oma isa ja ema juures ja on sageli õhtuti kodus. Ka täna õhtul on ta kodus, kui Tõnu helistab. Tõnu 29 tahab jälle Piretit näha ja küsib, kas Piret tahab välja minna. Tõnu tahab minna kinno. Nad lähevad koos kinno. Vocabulary oma isa, – ema, – juures sageli õhtu, – õhtuti (my/your/his/her... ) own father mother ( postposition) at, with, at the home of often evening in the evenings ka täna õhtul kui Piretit ( partitive nägema, (näen) küsima võima välja koos also, even this evening when of Piret) see ask can, be able out together Exercise 8 1 2 3 4 5 Kus Piret elab, kui ta on Tallinnas? Kus ta on õhtuti? Keda (= whom, partitive) tahab Tõnu näha? Mida (= what, partitive) Tõnu küsib? Kuhu nad lähevad? Unit 3: Kohvikus 3 Kohvikus In a café By the end of this unit you should be able to: • • • • • • use and recognize several more noun cases use the numbers 1–10 use the past tense of the verb ‘to be’ form compound nouns express the ideas of ‘have’ and ‘must’ in the present tense request and order things (CD 1; 13) Tõnu ja Piret kohvikus Tõnu and Piret have been to the cinema and are now sitting in a Tallinn café. Tõnu orders some refreshment. Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Palun mulle üks must kohv ja üks saiake. Ja sulle, Piret? Mulle ka kohv, aga koorega, ja üks kreemikook. Kas film oli sinu meelest huvitav? Jah, väga huvitav, aga ma olin võib-olla liiga väsinud. Ma pean homme sõitma tagasi Tartusse. Kas sa sõidad rongiga? Jah, juba kell seitse hommikul! See on pikk reis. Jah, umbes kolm tundi. Tõnu: Piret: A black coffee and a bun for me, please. And for you, Piret? I’ll have coffee too, but with cream, and one cream cake. Unit 3: In a café Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: 31 Did you think the film was interesting? Yes, very interesting, but perhaps I was too tired. I have to travel back to Tartu tomorrow. Are you going by train? Yes, at seven in the morning! It is a long trip. Yes, about three hours. Vocabulary minule, mulle sinule, sulle must, -a kohv, -i sai, -a saiake, -se, ( part. -st) koor, -e üks kreem, -i kreemikook, -koogi film, -i sinu meel, -e sinu meelest for me (long and short forms) for you (sing. ) (long and short forms) black coffee white bread (small) bun cream (from milk) one cream (made from butter) cream cake film your (sing. ) mind, opinion in your opinion huvitav, -a väga liiga väsinud pidama, pean homme sõitma, sõidan tagasi rong, -i juba kell, -a seitse, seitsme hommik, -u see, selle pikk, pika reis, -i umbes viis, viie tund, tunni interesting very too (much) tired have to, must tomorrow travel back train already, as early as clock, o’clock seven morning it, that long trip, journey about, approximately five hour Ways of saying ‘to’ a place Ta sõidab ülehomme Tartusse. He’s travelling to Tartu the day after tomorrow. Ma pean Tartusse sõitma. I have to travel to Tartu. The long form of the illative case (see Unit 2) is -sse added to the genitive stem. It has very restricted use, however. There are not very 32 Unit 3: Kohvikus many words where both variants are in use. These are mainly placenames, such as Pärnusse/Pärnu, Tartusse/Tartu and some other words. Not all words have two possible forms. Longer words (generally two or more syllables in the stem) tend to have only the longer form. Shorter words may have either long or short or both forms. Sometimes both are possible, but usually one is preferred over the other in practice. Noun cases based on the genitive stem As you will have seen by now, Estonian uses a system of noun cases added to the noun stem, and these largely do the work that prepositions do in English: ‘in’, ‘of’, ‘for’, ‘to’ and so on. We have now learned all the cases that we might call ‘grammatical’ cases – that is, cases with stems of their own. All the cases we will encounter from now on are what we can call ‘prepositional’ cases, based on the genitive stem (always given in the vocabulary lists). The words mulle and sulle (the longer forms minule and sinule are slightly more emphatic) mean ‘to/for me’ and ‘to/for you’ respectively, and are our first encounter with the allative case, whose characteristic ending is -le added to the genitive stem. The genitive, or possessive, forms of the personal pronouns are: minu sinu tema meie teie nende my (short form mu) your (sing. ) (short form su) his/her our your ( pl. ) their You will see from this that tema, meie and teie are in fact identical to the nominative pronouns ‘he/she’, ‘we’, ‘you’. There are short forms for tema (ta), meie (me) and teie (te) as well. Although there are quite a few noun cases in Estonian, the majority of them are based on the genitive stem. Looking back over the vocabulary for the dialogue above, for instance, we find kreem(-i), kohv(-i), film (-i), but must(-a), sai(-a), and kell(-a), not to mention meel(-e), koor(-e), and even pikk/pika, tund/tunni and hommik(-u). Another important thing to note about the genitive case in Estonian is that it also serves as an accusative case. There is no separate accusative or ‘object’ case in Estonian; instead the genitive Unit 3: In a café 33 is used when the object of the verb is perceived as ‘total’ rather than ‘partial’. Verb objects in Estonian: the genitive and partitive cases Study these examples: Loen raamatut. I’m reading a book (and haven’t finished; partitive case). Loen ühe raamatu. I read/am reading a (= one) book (to the end; genitive case). Loen raamatu läbi. I read a book through (to the end, genitive case). (loen I read/am reading; raamat, -u book; läbi through) You will see here that part of the difference between the genitive and the partitive object is the ‘completeness’ of the action being described. As we have already seen with the partitive case, some verbs govern the partitive when the object is seen as being partial; all other direct objects of verbs take the genitive case. Note the difference between these two sentences: Tõnu ostab lehe. Tõnu buys a newspaper. (a whole one) Tõnu loeb lehte. Tõnu reads a newspaper. (at least part of it) The Estonian distinction between partial and total objects of verbs will come more easily with practice. Another difference between the use of the genitive and the partitive in Estonian is that the partitive is preferred with verbs of thinking, perceiving and feeling, especially if the object is a person. As you will see from the vocabulary lists, sometimes the genitive and partitive forms are identical anyway. Exercise 1 See if you can guess which form the object takes in the sentences below. Note the new vocabulary. 1 Ma armastan (_______you). (armastama love) 2 Ma võtan (_______one coffee). 34 Unit 3: Kohvikus 3 Ma näen (_______a dog). (koer dog) 4 Tema kutsub (_______Piret) kinno. Although there are fourteen noun cases in Estonian, you will be relieved to know that the only ones that present any problems for the learner are the two that we have now encountered: the genitive and the partitive. The majority of the rest are easy to use and recognize because their endings are added to the genitive stem. With this knowledge we can now go ahead and tackle some of the other cases. ‘To’ and ‘for’ Palun mulle üks must kohv. Ja sulle? One black coffee for me, please. And for you? The words minule and sinule, as we see above, mean ‘to/for me’ and ‘to/for you’, respectively. In the shorter forms, mulle and sulle, there is an additional l. Further examples: Tõnu helistab Piretile. Tõnu rings (to) Piret. Kas tema kirjutab mulle? Is he writing to me? Ma pean minema rongi peale. I have to go to the train. ‘With’ Mulle kohv koorega. Kas sa sõidad rongiga? Coffee with cream for me. Are you travelling by train? Another case that is formed from the genitive stem is the comitative, whose characteristic ending is always -ga. Its use corresponds to ‘with’ or ‘by means of’ in English. In the dialogue you will find two examples of it: koorega (koor + e + ga) ‘with cream’ and rongiga (rong + i + ga) ‘by train’. Further examples: Ta tuleb koju sõbraga. He’s coming home with a friend. Ta tahab kohvi saiaga. She wants coffee with a bun. Me sõidame Tartusse autoga. We’re travelling to Tartu by car. Note the difference in the use of cases in these two sentences: Kas sa räägid minule/mulle? Kas sa räägid minuga? Will you tell me? Are you speaking/Will you speak to me? 35 Combining nouns Estonian is a language that can fairly freely form single-word combinations of two or three nouns, and these compound nouns are very commonly found. In the dialogue, Piret orders a kreemikook, a cream cake. Notice how the first noun in the compound appears in the genitive, kreemi-. This is the usual way to form compounds in Estonian. We can form more compounds from the vocabulary we have. We have in fact already met some: pea + linn ‘head town’ = ‘capital city’; kauba + maja ‘commodity house’ = ‘department store’. Compounds of two nouns can be formed not only with the first noun in the genitive; the first noun can also be in the nominative (as in kuld + kett ‘gold chain’; leht + puu ‘deciduous tree’; keel + pill ‘string instrument’). In pronouncing compound nouns, remember that the stress falls on the first syllable of each element. In some cases the syllable division may be between two vowels: be careful to pronounce them separately. For instance, autoosad ‘car parts’ consists of the words auto ‘car’ + osad ‘parts’, and the elements are pronounced separately, with a break between them, and the second o given greater stress. Other things on the menu would be made of compound nouns, too: võileib ‘sandwich’ (või ‘butter’ + leib ‘bread’); juustuleib ‘cheese open sandwich’ (juust ‘cheese’); porgandipirukas ‘carrot pie/(small) pie’ (porgand ‘carrot’ + pirukas ‘little pie, pirogue’) and so on. ‘From’ Kas film oli sinu meelest huvitav? Was the film interesting in your opinion (‘from your mind’)? Yet another Estonian case formed from the genitive stem is the elative, whose ending is -st. It roughly corresponds to the English prepositions ‘from’ or ‘about’ in usage. But there are many idioms in Estonian which do not correspond so readily to English prepositional use. One of them is a common expression for ‘in my/your/ his... opinion’ or ‘I think that... ’. Here the elative is used with the word meel ‘mind’ in the genitive (almost like the English phrase ‘to my mind... ’: minu/sinu meelest, and so on, literally ‘from my/your mind’. 36 Unit 3: Kohvikus Minu meelest oli reis pikk, ja mitte väga huvitav. I thought the trip was long and not very interesting. Tema meelest on kohv hea koorega. She thinks coffee is good with cream. This case also means ‘from’ in the purely physical sense too: Ta läheb majast välja. ‘She is going from/out of the house. ’ Ma sõidan Tartust Tallinna. ‘I am travelling from Tartu to Tallinn. ’ Past tense of the verb The past tense of olla ‘to be’ is conjugated like this: m(in)a olin s(in)a olid t(em)a oli see oli I was you were he/she was it was m(ei)e olime t(ei)e olite n(em)ad olid we were you were they were The characteristic ending for the past tense of the majority of other verbs is similar to this, but with -s- added to the stem of the -da infinitive. To take the example lubada ‘promise’ we find: mina lubasin sina lubasid tema lubas meie lubasime teie lubasite nemad lubasid I promised you promised he/she promised we promised you promised they promised Piret helistas koju. Piret rang home. Ta õppis eesti keelt väga hästi. She learned Estonian very well. Ma lubasin varsti koju minna. I promised to go home soon. Film oli väga pikk. The film was very long. We will look at the past tense in more detail in later units. Verbs used with other verbs The infinitive of a verb is the basic uninflected form, and is the form which appears in dictionaries: ‘to see’, ‘to hear’ and so on. 37 Each verb in Estonian has two types of infinitive: the one ending in -da and the one ending in -ma. The -ma form is only used when the verb follows, or is ‘governed’ by, certain other verbs; for example, Ma pean minema. I have to go. Compare that with this sentence: Ma tahan minna. I want to go. In the dialogue we find sõitma ‘to travel’; the -da form is sõita. It might be helpful to remember that whereas -da means simply ‘to’ do something, -ma means something like ‘in order to’ do something. In other words, it is always governed by another verb that comes before it. In this case, sõitma is part of the phrase ma pean sõitma ‘I have to travel. ’ Pidama is one of a range of verbs that can ‘govern’ other verbs in this way. A common way of saying ‘I must’ or ‘I have to’ in Estonian is ma pean... -ma. Further examples are as follows. Note that it is usual to put the main verb at the end of the main clause. Mina pean varsti helistama, aga sina võid helistada hiljem. Me peame koos kinno minema. Cardinal numbers I have to ring soon, but you can ring later. We must go to the cinema together. (CD 1; 14) The numbers from one to ten in Estonian can take case endings, just as adjectives can, and in the nominative and genitive they are: üks, ühe kaks, kahe kolm, kolme neli, nelja viis, viie one two three four five kuus, kuue seitse, seitsme kaheksa, – üheksa, – kümme, kümne six seven eight nine ten Notice that the nouns that follow the numbers two and above appear in the partitive singular: viis tundi ‘five hours’ (tundi is the partitive singular form of tund); seitse linna ‘seven towns’; kuus kooli ‘six schools’. 38 Exercise 2 With the aid of the glossary at the end of the book (which gives the partitive singular forms), find out how you would order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 two coffees and five buns three coffees and two sandwiches five coffees and four buns nine glasses of milk four cups of tea three cups of black coffee seven glasses of water Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks: Palun, _______ üks kohv koorega ja kaks saia. Ja _______, Piret? _______ ka _______, ja üks _______. Kas film _______ huvitav? Jah, _______ meeldiv, aga ma _______ liiga _______. Ma _______ varsti koju (= home) minema. Kus sa _______? Ma elan Tartus. Kas sa _______ rongiga? Jah. Exercise 4 Change the following sentences, inserting the correct form of pidama ‘have to/must’. Example: Ma sõidan rongiga. I travel by train. Ma pean sõitma rongiga. I have to travel by train. 1 Ma lähen varsti koju. 2 Oma eesti sõbraga räägid sa eesti keelt. 3 Seal on ülikool. Ma tean, kus see on. (different verb in each sentence) 4 Sina käid sageli meie kaubamajas. 5 Ma helistan koju, aga enne ma ootan veel natuke. 6 Meie sõbrad õpivad inglise (= English) keelt. 39 Exercise 5 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 He travels from town to town. I’m coming home soon. Wait for me. (‘for me’ = mind, partitive) You were there at eight o’clock. Where was she? Tiina is coming to the cinema with a friend. I won’t come with you, I’m too tired. I’ll come by train, but perhaps about six o’clock is too soon. Exercise 6 Write out what you would have ordered if you had been in the café that Piret and Tõnu visited. You will find useful words in the glossary at the end of the book. Use full sentences. Example: Palun mulle üks kohv ja üks saiake. Kroons 2, 50 3, 00 3, 00 +0, 80 Euros 0. 15 0. 20 0. 20 +0. 05 Kapsapirukas/Cabbage pastry Lihapirukas/Meat pastry Viineripirukas/Sausage pastry Riisipirukas/Rice pastry Porgandipirukas/Carrot pastry Spiniati-juustupirukas/Spinach & cheese pastry Juustusai/Cheese roll 4, 60 5, 00 4, 20 4, 20 4, 60 5, 00 4, 20 0. 30 0. 35 0. 25 0. 25 Võiroos/Plain butter bun Kaneelirull/Cinnamon roll Õunakook/Apple cake Õunastritsel/Apple twist Kohupiimakook/Cheesecake Kohupiimarull/Curd cheese roll Moorapea/Chocolate pastry Rabarberikook/Rhubarb cake Teekook/Tea-cake Viinisai/Cream pastry Marjakorvike/Tart of mixed berries 3, 00 4, 20 5, 00 5, 00 6, 00 4, 20 6, 00 5, 00 4, 20 5, 00 5, 00 0. 40 0. 35 Tee/Tea Kohv/Coffee Kakao/Hot chocolate koorega/with cream 40 (CD 1; 15) Piret peab minema Soon Tõnu and Piret have finished their coffee and pastries, and Piret suddenly notices the time. They get ready to leave the café. Piret: Kell on juba kümme! Vabanda, aga ma pean koju minema. Tõnu: Jah, ka minul on homme pikk tööpäev. Aga ülehomme on mul vaba päev. Kas sa tunned minu sõpra Inglismaalt? Tema on ka Tartu Ülikooli üliõpilane. Piret: Mis tema nimi on? Tõnu: Ta nimi on Paul. Piret: Ei, ma ei tunne teda. Tõnu: Ma võin teda sulle tutvustada. Ta sõidab ülehomme bussiga Tartusse ja ma lubasin temaga kaasa minna. Piret: It’s already ten o’clock! Sorry, but I have to go home. Tõnu: Yes, I’ve got a long working day tomorrow too. But the day after tomorrow I have a free day. Do you know my friend from England? He’s also a student at Tartu University. Piret: What’s his name? Tõnu: His name is Paul. Piret: No, I don’t know him. Tõnu: I can introduce him to you. He’s travelling to Tartu the day after tomorrow by bus, and I’ve promised to come with him. Vocabulary conversation sorry, excuse me (sing. or familiar form) koju (to) home teda him/her ( part. ) töö, – work päev, -a day vaba, – free tundma, tunnen feel; know (person) vestlus, -e vabanda minu t(em)a nimi, -me no tutvustama ülehomme buss, -i lubama kaasa my his/her name well introduce the day after tomorrow bus, coach promise together (with) 41 Apologizing There are various ways of making an apology in Estonian, just as there are in English. But in Estonian one can also choose between the familiar (singular) and polite (plural) forms: Vabanda! (familiar) Vabandage! (polite) Excuse me! Or you can use the more neutral expression Vabandust! How to give commands In Unit 2 we learned the polite, plural form of the imperative mood of the verb, used in making commands. The more familiar, intimate form of the imperative is formed simply by dropping the presenttense endings; it is the same as the present stem. But remember that the stem of the polite form of the imperative (Unit 2, ‘Making commands’) is formed from the stem of the -ma infinitive. Compare these forms: Sina helista kutsu oota räägi tule vabanda ring invite wait speak come excuse (me) Teie helistage kutsuge oodake rääkige tulge vabandage You will notice that the ending for the polite form is not always -ge; sometimes it is -ke instead. The ending for the polite/plural form is -ke when the stem of the -da infinitive is a ‘weak grade’ (see introductory notes on pronunciation) of a verb that undergoes consonant gradation – such as oodata/ootama. Often the preceding consonant in the stem is b, d or g, but not always: hüpake ‘jump’; compare the first and second infinitives hüpata and hüppama. ‘To have’ Minul on pikk tööpäev. Sinul on kaks venda. I have a long working day. You have two brothers. 42 Unit 3: Kohvikus The adessive case is formed simply by adding -l to the genitive stem. Its nearest equivalent in English is the preposition ‘on’ (in both the spatial and the temporal sense): Õhtul on huvitav film. In the evening (there) is an interesting film. Laual on klaas vett. On the table is a glass of water. But it also has an important extra function: ‘to have’. The usual Estonian corresponding to the English verb ‘to have’ is the adessive case of the word that refers to the possessor, followed by a form of the verb olema ‘to be’. So we find: minul on sinul on temal on (Nende is I have meil on we have you have teil on you have he/she has nendel on they have the genitive form of nemad. ) Temal on pikk tööpäev. Meil oli huvitav rongisõit. Sinul on kaks tundi aega. She has a long working day. We had an interesting train trip. You have two hours(’ time). Exercise 7 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I lived in Rakvere. She rang Pärnu. The boy waited a long time. The film was nice, and very interesting too. The journey was long, about seven hours. I travelled by bus from Tallinn to Kohtla-Järve. Did you think the coffee was good? Exercise 8 Answer these questions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kas Tõnu tellib (= orders) ka kohvi Piretile? Kas Piret joob (= drinks) kohvi koorega? Kas film oli Pireti meelest huvitav? Kuhu peab Piret homme sõitma? Kas Piret sõidab bussiga? Kas Tõnul on ülehomme tööpäev või (= or) vaba päev? Kas Piret teab Tõnu sõbra nime? 43 8 Ja mis ta sõbra nimi on? 9 Kas ta sõber sõidab ka Tartusse? 10 Kas ta sõidab rongiga või bussiga? (CD 1; 16) Tõnu ja Piret kohvikus Tõnu ja Piret räägivad tükk aega (= a while, ‘a bit of time’) filmist. Pireti meelest oli film väga huvitav. Ka Tõnu arvab, et oli väga hea film. Aga kell on juba kümme ja Piret peab homme tagasi Tartusse sõitma. Võib-olla näeb Tõnu Piretit jälle. Tõnu sõber on ka Tartu Ülikooli üliõpilane ja ta sõidab ülehomme koos sõbraga Tartusse. Language in use Using the glossary at the end of the book, find out what would be the compound nouns meaning: 1 2 3 4 5 passenger train (‘trip’ + ‘train’) morning coffee clock time peace of mind bus station Unit 4: Tartus 4 Tartus In Tartu By the end of this unit you should be familiar with: • • • • • • clock times cardinal numbers above 10 the genitive plural form of the noun some basic adverbs how to say ‘up to’ and ‘until’ some prepositions and postpositions (CD 1; 17) Piret saab tuttavaks Pauliga Piret has agreed to meet Tõnu and his friend Paul at Tartu bus station. The two boys step off the bus. Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: Tõnu: Tere, Piret! Küll on tore, et sa mul Tartus vastas oled. Tere. Kuidas sõit läks? Tänan, hästi, kuigi me tõusime juba kolmveerand seitse, ja hommikusöök oli pool kaheksa. Aga siin on minu sõber Paul Inglismaalt. Saage tuttavaks. Tervist, Piret! Tervist, Paul. Millal te sõitma hakkasite? Buss läks täpselt kell kaheksa. Siis sõitsite te küll kiiresti, kell on ju alles viie minuti pärast üksteist. Hi, Piret! It certainly is nice that you’re here to meet me in Tartu. 5/30/08, 16:47 Unit 4: In Tartu Piret: Tõnu: 45 Hi. How did the trip go? Well, thanks, though we did get up at a quarter to seven, and breakfast was at half-past seven. But this is my friend Paul from England. May I introduce you? Hello, Piret! Hello, Paul. When did you set off? The bus left at exactly eight o’clock. So you got here quite quickly; it’s only five to eleven. Vocabulary = minul) mul (= tore, -da vastas ‘on me’ fine, splendid awaiting, there to meet sõit, -du trip kuigi although tõusma, tõusen rise, get up kolmveerand three-quarters, a quarter to söök, söögi meal hommikusöök, söögi breakfast pool, -e half saama tuttav, -a hakkama täpselt siis kiiresti ju alles minut, -i pärast üksteist get, become acquaintance start, begin exactly so, then quickly after all only, just, not until minute after, past; (also) ‘to’ in clock times eleven A note about word order Estonian word order is freer than English, as you will see from phrases like et sa mul Tartus vastas oled, where the verb is placed at the end. Tõnu could just as well have said et sa oled mul Tartus vastas. The first variant is stylistically better. Do not worry unduly about word order at this stage; just remember that it is more flexible than English word order. More about the past tense In the previous lesson we looked at how the past tense of olema and of most regular verbs is formed. If the stem of the verb ends in -s, it 46 Unit 4: Tartus is not necessary to repeat this s in the past tense. Tõusma ‘rise, get up’, for instance, is conjugated like this in the present and past tenses: mina sina tema meie teie nemad tõusen tõused tõuseb tõuseme tõusete tõusevad tõusin tõusid tõusis tõusime tõusite tõusid We have already seen that minema ‘go’ is irregular in the present tense, based on the stem lähe-. It is also irregular in the past: mina läksin sina läksid tema läks I went you went he/she went meie läksime we went teie läksite you went nemad läksid they went Introductions When Estonians introduce each other they generally say Saage tuttavaks, literally ‘Get acquainted’. In a formal setting, the reply might be something like Väga rõõmustav or Väga meeldiv ‘Very delightful’ or ‘Very pleasing’. More about clock times We already know how to express clock times when they express full hours: kell viis, kell seitse and so on. Let us look now at how to express fractions of the hour. The fractions are expressed as part of the next hour, thus: veerand kuus a quarter past five (lit., a quarter of six) pool kaheksa half past seven (lit., half-eight) kolmveerand üks a quarter to one (lit., three-quarters of one) Minutes past the hour can be expressed in two ways: as simply ‘hours and minutes’ or with läbi ‘past’. Thus 4. 10 is kümme minutit neli läbi. But after the half hour, a different expression is used; here we find pärast, which literally means ‘after’, but in clock times actually means ‘short of’: the minutes appear in the genitive. 4. 58 kahe minuti pärast viis ‘after two minutes [it will be] five’; 6. 52 kaheksa minuti Unit 4: In Tartu 47 pärast seitse. ‘What time? ’ is mis kell? ‘What’s the time? ’ is Mis kell on? Cardinal numbers 11–20 and beyond (CD 1; 18) We have already learnt the numbers one to ten (Unit 3, ‘Cardinal numbers’). The numbers from 11 to 19 are formed by adding -teist to the cardinal number: 11 12 13 14 üksteist kaksteist kolmteist neliteist... and so on, up to 20, which is kakskümmend. The other multiples of ten are formed in the same way: kolmkümmend, nelikümmend, viiskümmend and so on. 21 kakskümmend üks 37 kolmkümmend seitse 48 nelikümmend kaheksa and so on (One) hundred is (üks)sada. Numbers above a hundred are constructed along the same lines, with the major elements written separately: 758 is seitsesada viiskümmend kaheksa. (One) thousand is tuhat. Remember that these numbers take the partitive singular of the noun phrase they qualify: sada musta autot kakskümmend üks senti a hundred black cars 21 cents Adverbs Adverbs, the words that are used to describe and qualify the actions or states indicated by verbs, can be divided in Estonian, as they can in English, into two broad types: (1) adverbs that are based on adjectives (‘quickly’, or in Estonian kiiresti) and (2) adverbs that are not based on adjectives (‘now’, or in Estonian nüüd). Many adverbs in Estonian that are formed from adjectives tend to end in -sti or -lt – but note that the stem of the adverb is the genitive stem of the adjective: täpne exact (gen. täpse-) kiire fast (gen. kiire-) täpselt exactly kiiresti quickly 48 Unit 4: Tartus (The adverb varsti, ‘soon’, which we have already met, is actually a contraction of vara- ‘early’ + -sti. ) Exercise 1 (CD 1; 19) Answer the question Mis kell on? 1 2 3 4 9. 00 1. 10 12. 25 7. 13 5 6 7 8 5. 28 6. 30 8. 45 12. 11 Exercise 2 Write out these numbers in words: 1 16 2 84 3 973 4 233 5 1814 6 1992 Exercise 3 Answer the following questions, giving the time in words: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mis Mis Mis Mis Mis Mis Mis kell kell kell kell kell kell kell te hommikul tõusete? (7. 25) te kooli/tööle lähete? (8. 15) teie kool/töö algab (= begins)? (9. 00) on lõuna (= lunch)? (1. 00) teie kool/töö lõpeb? (= ends)? (4. 30) te koju tulete? (5. 20) te magama (= to sleep) lähete? (11. 00) (CD 1; 20) Piret, Tõnu ja Paul vaatavad Tartut The three companions go out into the streets of Tartu. Piret: Paul: Ma pean varsti ülikooli minema, sest mul on seal loeng, mis algab kell kaksteist. Aga mis teil nüüd plaanis on? Mul on veel mitu vaba tundi. Ma jään Tõnuga linna, sest ta tahab linnas veidi ringi vaadata. Piret: Paul: Piret: 49 Jah, me vaatame umbes poolteist tundi linnas ringi, siis sööme lõunat, ja pärast seda on kuni õhtuni (= until the evening) vaba aeg. Mul lõpeb loeng alles kell kolm. Ma ootan teid siis kell veerand neli ülikooli peahoone ees. See on tore; ma tahangi su käest nii palju küsida, ja muidugi ka ise oma esimestest muljetest rääkida. I have to go to the university soon, because I have a lecture there, which starts at twelve o’clock. But what plans do you have? 50 Unit 4: Tartus Paul: I still have a few hours free. I’ll stay with Tõnu in town, because he wants to look around the town a bit. Tõnu: Yes, we’ll look at the town for about an hour and a half, then we’ll have lunch, and after that there’s still free time until the evening. Piret: My lecture doesn’t end until three o’clock. I’ll wait for you, then, at a quarter past three in front of the main building. Paul: That’s great; I do want to ask you so many things, and of course to chat about my first impressions. Vocabulary sest loeng, -u mis, mille algama nüüd plaan, -i mitu jääma vaatama veidi ringi poolteist because lecture what, which begin now plan several, many (+ part. sing. ) stay (+ ill. ) look at a little, a bit around one and a half sööma lõuna, – lõppema, lõpen peahoone, – hoone, – ees = sinu) käest su (= nii palju muidugi esimene, -mese küsima eat lunch end main building building in front of ( postp. ) from you ( postp. ; lit. ‘from your hand’) so much of course first ask The genitive plural minu minu minu minu esimene mulje esimesed muljed esimese mulje esimeste muljete my first impression my first impressions of my first impression of my first impressions Look at the differences in the Estonian phrases given above. The genitive plural can take several forms, one of the most common of which is -te. If the genitive singular of a word ends in -se (such as õpilane > õpilase), then its plural ending will be -ste. And the other cases that are based on the genitive will be formed on the same pattern: -stel for the adessive, -stest for the elative, -stesse for the 51 (long) illative, and so on. Thus we find Tõnu using the phrase oma esimestest muljetest ‘about my first impressions’. (Note that oma ‘my/your/his/her... own’, like the other possessive pronouns, does not take endings. ) Further examples: Piret räägib oma loengutest. Piret speaks about her lectures. Paul tahab oma plaanidest rääkida. Paul wants to talk about his plans. ‘Up to, until’ There is still time until the evening. Õhtuni on veel aega. Yet another of the cases whose ending is based on the genitive stem is the terminative, so-called because it carries the meaning ‘up to’ or ‘until’ some point in time or space. Its ending is always -ni: õhtuni till the evening linnani as far as the town kella kaheni until two o’clock (Notice in this last example the genitive form kella; words that qualify other words that are in the terminative case take the genitive. ) We work until the evening. Meie töötame õhtuni. Meie sõitsime järgmise linnani. We drove as far as the next town. Ta oli ülikoolis hilisööni. She was at the university until late at night. There is also a separate preposition or conjunction meaning ‘until’: kuni, which can be used either preceding noun phrases with -ni like the examples above, or to introduce a clause: Meie töötame kuni õhtuni. We work until the evening. Meie töötame kuni teie tulete. We (shall) work until you come. Prepositions and postpositions You cannot have failed to notice by now that Estonian has many noun cases! There are fourteen in all, and we have now covered 52 Unit 4: Tartus most of them. You will also have noticed that they do the work that prepositions do in English and many other Indo-European languages. But Estonian does also have its own prepositions, of which we have met two so far: pärast ‘after’, and now kuni ‘until’. By far the majority of these separate words indicating relations in time and space are postpositions, however; that is, they come after the noun to which they refer (and whose case they govern). Most postpositions refer to very concrete, specific positions in space, and govern the genitive case: Ma ootan teid peahoone I’ll wait for you in front of the main ees. building. Ma tahan sinu käest nii I want to ask ( from) you (about) palju küsida. so much. Ta tahab veidi linnas ringi He wants to look around the town vaadata. a bit. Strictly speaking, ringi is an adverb rather than a postposition. Exercise 4 Answer these questions: 1 2 3 4 5 Kuhu Piret peab minema? Mida Paul ja Tõnu tahavad näha? Millal lõpeb Pireti loeng? Kus ta on lubanud oodata Pauli ja Tõnut? Kui kaua Paul ja Tõnu vaatavad Tartus ringi? Exercise 5 How would you say in Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I am going as far as the university. Toomas is waiting in front of the department store. Ago wants to look around the town. Can I ask you about the university? I was travelling until 9. 30. The train was travelling as far as Tartu. Look! They went as far as the main building! Their friend was there[-]to[-]meet[-]them. [one word! ] Their friends were waiting until half past three. 53 Exercise 6 Answer these questions in Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kes oli vastas, kui Paul ja Tõnu saabusid Tartusse? Mis kell nad hommikul tõusisid? Kuhu pidi Piret minema? Kus ta lubas neid oodata? Mitu minutit enne kella nelja lubas ta oodata? Ja mitu minuti pärast kella kolme lubas ta oodata? Paul ja Tõnu Tartus (CD 1; 21) Kui Pauli ja Tõnu buss tuli Tartusse, oli Piret juba vastas. Kuigi nad tõusid juba kolmveerand seitse hommikul, läks sõit väga hästi. Siis tutvustas ta Piretile oma sõpra Pauli. Pärast seda läksid nad välja ja vaatasid veidi Tartus ringi. Aga siis pidi Piret ülikooli minema ja ta lubas oodata Pauli ja Tõnut peahoone ees kell veerand neli. Language in action Reading passage Below is a train timetable from the town of Valga, in southern Estonia, on the Latvian border, on the main Tallinn – Riga – Minsk railway line. Try reading the timetable aloud or writing out the numbers and times of the trains in full. Then answer the Estonian questions below. Vocabulary Use this vocabulary to answer the questions in Exercise 7 below. sõit, sõidu reisirong, -i saabuma saabumine, -mise journey passenger train arrive arrival 54 Tartu – Tapa – Tallinn Jamm, peatuspunkt 0011 E-L 0211 0013 R, P 0321 alates 01. 10. 07 0015 E-R, P 0213 tuleb Valgast 0017 R, P TARTU 6:40 7:35 14:20 14:30 17:24 18:04 19:40 TABIVERE I 7:55 14:50 18:24 KAAREPERE 8:07 15:02 18:36 7:12 8:17 14:51 15:12 17:55 18:46 20:12 PEDJA 8:26 18:56 VÄGEVA 8:36 19:05 RAKKE 8:46 19:13 KILTSI 8:59 19:25 TAMSALU 7:42 9:09 15:22 18:26 19:35 20:42 TAPA 7:54 9:24 15:33 18:39 19:47 20:54 LEHTSE 9:32 19:55 JÄNEDA 9:40 20:03 NELIJÄRVE 9:44 20:07 AEGVIIDU 9:50 20:13 KEHRA 10:04 20:27 RAASIKU 10:13 20:36 ARUKÜLA 10:18 20:41 LAGEDI 10:28 20:51 ÜLEMISTE 8:39 10:36 16:18 19:24 20:59 21:39 TALLINN 8:50 10:47 16:29 21:10 21:50 ~ JOGEVA Unit 4: In Tartu väljuma väljumine, -mise seisma seisma jääda seis, -u seisuaeg, -aja hilinema kaua kuni kestma tähendama kõrval 55 depart departure stand stop standing, position, stopping stopping time be late long (time) until (followed by a clause) last, endure, take (time) mean beside (postposition with genitive) Exercise 7 1 Mitu rongi väljub Tartust Tapale? 2 Millal saabub päeva esimine rong Tartust Jõgevasle? 3 Mis on selle rongi number, mis väljub Tartust Tallinna kolmkümmend viis minutit seitse läbi? 4 Kui ma hilinen Tamsalu rongile, mis väljub Tartust kell seitseteist kakskümmend neli, kui kaua pean ma siis ootama järgmise rongi saabumist? 5 Kui kaua kestab päeva esimene rongisõit Tartust Tallinna? 6 Ma tulen Jõgeva jaama kell üheksa. Kui kaua pean ma ootama, kuni väljub järgmine rong Tartusse? 7 Ja mis on selle rongi number? 8 Millal väljub päeva viimane rong Tapast Tallinna? 9 Mida tähendab E-L, E-R, R ja P ronginumbride kõrval sõiduplaanis? 55 Unit 5: Pireti juures 5 Pireti juures Visiting Piret By the end of this unit you should be familiar with: • the principle of sound change • the negative imperative (‘don’t! ’) • the case agreement of adjectives and nouns (CD 1; 22) Tõnu ja Paul saabuvad That evening, Piret invites Tõnu and Paul to visit her relatives, the Saar family, with whom she is lodging. Tõnu and Paul arrive to find the whole family at home. Piret meets them at the door. Piret: Tõnu: Paul: Piret: Jaan: Piret: Piret: Tõnu: Paul: Tere õhtust! Astuge sisse! Tere õhtust! Tervist! Saage tuttavaks. See on Jaan Saar, minu onu. Terve pere on täna õhtul kodus. Tundke end nagu kodus! Nad istuvad elutoas ja puhkavad. Onu Jaan istub tugitoolis ja loeb ajalehte. Minu tädi istub teisel toolil ja loeb raamatut. Good evening! Step inside! Good evening! Hello! Unit 5: Visiting Piret Piret: Jaan: Piret: 57 Come and get to know the family. This is Jaan Saar, my uncle. The whole family is at home this evening. Make yourselves at home! They’re sitting in the living-room and relaxing. Uncle Jaan is sitting in an armchair reading the paper. My aunt is sitting in another chair reading a book. Vocabulary tere õhtust astuma sisse sugulane, -lase onu, – terve, – pere, – istuma elu, – tuba, toa elutuba, -toa good evening step inside relative uncle whole family (also perekond, -konna) sit life, living room living-room puhkama tugi, toe tool, -i tugitool, -i lugema, loen aeg, aja leht, lehe ajaleht, -lehe tädi, – teine, -se raamat, -u rest, relax support chair armchair read time leaf, (news)paper newspaper aunt (an)other, second book 58 Changes of vowel in the verb and noun stem There is a small range of irregular verbs in Estonian which change their stem vowel in the present tense. We encountered one of them in the last lesson: süüa ‘eat’, which takes the form sööma in the -ma infinitive and söö- in the present. Likewise lugeda/lugema changes its vowel and loses its -g- in the present: loen, loed, loeb and so on. Look out for these changes in a few more verbs which we have yet to meet, such as tuua/tooma (toon) ‘bring’, juua/jooma (joon) ‘drink’ and several others. Likewise a few nouns have a different vowel in the genitive stem from the nominative form. One of these is tuba ‘room’, which not only loses its -b- but changes its vowel in the genitive stem: toa. There are others, such as rida (rea) ‘line, row’, viga (vea) ‘fault’ and so on. Other sound changes You may have spotted some other sound changes in the vocabulary that are worth noting, as they occur elsewhere too: -nd-l-h-ne-ht- > > > > > -nn-lg-hk-se-h- perekond/perekonna alata/algama puhata/puhkama teine/teise leht/lehe family (another term for pere) begin rest another newspaper Remember that Estonian is spoken as it is written, so these changes apply to both speech and writing. (CD 1; 23) Answer these questions: 1 2 3 4 5 Kas tädi loeb ajalehte? Kas onu loeb raamatut? Kus onu istub? Kes (= who) tuleb külla (= visiting)? Kas pere on täna õhtul kodus? 59 (CD 1; 24) Kohtumine Saare perekonnaga They step into the living-room and Piret introduces them. Piret: Saage tuttavaks! Minu onu Jaan, siin on mu vana sõber Tõnu ja tema sõber Paul Inglismaalt. Nad tulid täna Tallinnast. Jaan: Väga rõõmustav. Piret: Ja mu tädi Leida. Tõnu: Tere õhtust! Leida: Tere tulemast meie koju. Kas olete juba söönud? Paul: Tänan, oleme küll. Ärge meie pärast muretsege! Leida: Istuge. Saage tuttavaks meie kahe lapsega: Mari, kes istub ja vaatab televiisorit, ja väike Toomas, kes ei ole veel magama läinud. Piret: Mida Toomas teeb? Leida: Ta istub põrandal ja mängib autoga. Piret: Let me introduce you. My uncle Jaan, this is my old friend Tõnu and his friend Paul from England. They came from Tallinn today. Jaan: Pleased to meet you. Piret: And my aunt Leida. Tõnu: Good evening! Leida: Welcome to our home. Have you already eaten? Paul: Thanks, we have. Don’t worry about us! Leida: Sit down. May I introduce our two children: Mari, who is sitting and watching television, and little Toomas, who hasn’t gone to bed yet. Piret: What is Toomas doing? Leida: He’s sitting on the floor playing with a car. Vocabulary vana, – sõber, sõbra rõõmustav, -a väga rõõmustav old friend delightful, pleasing pleased to meet you (quite formal) tere tulemast ärge muretsema pärast welcome don’t (pl. ) worry, care behalf, sake ( postp. ) 60 Unit 5: Pireti juures laps, -e ( part. last) kes, kelle vaatama televiisor, -i väike(ne), väik(e)se child who watch television little magama tegema, teha (teen) põrand, -a mängima auto, – sleep do, make floor play car The perfect tense In the dialogue, Leida asked: Kas olete juba söönud? Have you already eaten? The ‘have + past participle’ form of the verb, otherwise known as the perfect tense, is formed by the appropriate form of the verb ‘to be’ (olema) and the ending -nud, which is common to all verbs. So we can create other examples: Piret on saabunud. Leila on oodanud külalist. Piret has arrived. Leida has been expecting a visitor. Exercise 2 Translate these sentences, based on the dialogue, into Estonian, using the perfect tense: 1 2 3 4 5 They have come from Tallinn. They have been sitting. They have got to know two children. She has been watching television. Toomas has been playing with a car. ‘Don’t’ Ärge meie pärast muretsege! Don’t worry about us! ‘Don’t’ is expressed in Estonian in two different forms, like the positive imperative: singular and plural. The singular form is ära; the plural is ärge. Thus ‘don’t worry’ is ära muretse in the singular 61 (familiar) and ärge muretsege in the plural (formal); the verb forms remain the same as in the positive imperative. More examples: Ära tule sisse! /Ärge tulge sisse! Don’t come inside! Ära mine/Ärge minge! Don’t go! Ära oota/Ärge oodake maja ees! Don’t wait in front of the house! If the verb with a negative imperative has an object, it will take the partitive case, like any negative verb: Ära tee ust lahti! Don’t open the door! (lahti tegema to open, lit. : ‘make open’) Ärge oodake mind! Don’t ( pl., formal) wait for me! (See Unit 7 for all the partitive forms of the pronouns. ) Case endings of adjectives Saage tuttavaks meie kahe May I introduce our two children! lapsega! The ‘non-grammatical’ or prepositional noun cases do not apply to adjectives, which remain in the genitive (stem) form before a noun. One of these is the comitative (-ga), which we met in Unit 3: kahe hea lapsega ‘with two good children’ has the case ending on the noun only. Ta sõitis hilise rongiga. He travelled by the late train. Ma räägin vana sõbraga. I’m talking with an old friend. But if an adjective stands alone, without a noun, it may take one of these endings and act like a noun: Millise rongiga ta sõitis? – What (kind of) train did she travel Hilisega. by? – A late one. ‘What’ Mida sina teed? What are you doing? The partitive of mis ‘what’ is mida. As you can see from the above example, it is also used to refer to the object of the verb, whenever 5/30/08, 16:48 62 Unit 5: Pireti juures the verb has an object. Remember that Estonian does not have a separate accusative (object) case. Mida meie temast teame? What do we know about him? Mida sina loed? What are you reading? Mida sina televiisorist vaatad? What are you watching on (lit. : ‘from’) television? The emphatic particle If we want to add emphasis to a word (usually a verb) or express something that is contrary to expectation, we can use the particle -gi/-ki. It is roughly the same as ‘even’ (when positive) or ‘not even’ (when negative) in English. Whether the form is -gi or -ki will depend on the sound that comes before it: if it is a vowel or -n, the form will be -gi; for most other sounds preceding it, the form will be -ki. Sina saabusidki! Mina käisin Tallinnas, ja Tartuski. Kas sa ei tahagi tulla? You arrived (after all)! I visited Tallinn, and Tartu too. Don’t you even want to come? Exercise 3 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 This is my old friend Toomas, who came today. Are you already reading my book? Haven’t you gone to bed yet, little man? Who is sitting and watching television? Welcome to our home! Exercise 4 Give both the singular and plural forms for: 1 2 3 4 Don’t Don’t Don’t Don’t come too early! get up tomorrow morning! step inside! read my paper! 63 5 Don’t sit there! Sit here with the two good children! 6 Don’t travel to Tartu with Ago! Stay in Tallinn! Piret kutsub Tõnu ja Pauli sugulaste juurde Piret on täna kutsunud kaks oma sõpra sugulaste juurde. Ta elab onu ja tädi juures. Sugulased istuvad ja loevad, aga väike poiss Toomas mängib põrandal autoga ja tütar Mari vaatab televiisorit. Perekonna elutuba on suur. Siin on kaks tugitooli, televiisor, kolm tooli ja laud. Laual on kaks raamatut ja lamp. Toal on üks uks ja kaks akent. Üks aken on kinni ja teine aken on lahti. Uks on ka lahti. Seinal on kaks suurt pilti. Vocabulary juurde poiss, poisi tütar, tütre suur, -e laud, laua lamp, lambi to (the home of) boy daughter big table lamp uks, -e aken, akna kinni lahti sein, -a pilt, pildi door window closed open wall picture Language in use Using the vocabulary above and in the list below, describe your own living-room and other rooms where you live. esik, -u entrance hall kabinet, -i study töötuba, -toa work-room mugav, -a comfortable magamistuba, -toa bedroom voodi, – bed korter, -i vann, -i vannituba, -toa kapp, kapi vaip, vaiba flat, apartment bath bathroom cupboard carpet 64 Revision: Units 1–5 Consult the glossary at the back of the book if you need any vocabulary. Exercise 1 Translate these questions into Estonian and answer them, first positively, then negatively. Example: Are you a student? Kas sa oled õpilane? (Jah, ) olen küll/Ei ole. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Have you been here long (already)? Is your friend here too? Have you (pl. ) already eaten? Has she shown you the city? Do you know Tartu? Is there a department store here? Are you at home today? 65 Exercise 2 Put the verbs in brackets into their present tense forms: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kuhu teie (minna)? Mu lapsed (käia) juba koolis. Mulle (meeldida) väga talv. Kas te (elada) nüüd Tallinnas? Me (võida) minna kohvikusse, kui te (soovida). Ma (tunda) seda õpilast. Kas te (kirjutada) oma sõbrale? Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate personal pronouns: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kas _______ käid juba koolis? _______ elame praegu Tartus. _______ lähen linna vaatama. _______ sõidame homme maale. Kas _______ armastavad seesugust ilma? _______ külastame teda homme. _______ olin siis veel poiss. Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Me peame täna ülikooli minema. Me elame Tallinnas. Mu tütar käib lasteaias. Ma armastan teda. Me tunneme linna ümbrust hästi. Tädi tuleb meile jaama vastu. Ta külastab meid homme. Exercise 5 Put the nouns in parentheses into appropriate cases: 1 (Tädi) perekond külastab mind sel nädalal. 2 (Vend) maja asub kesklinnas. 66 Unit 5: Pireti juures 3 4 5 6 7 Kas (Tartu) on sageli seesugused ilmad? Kui kaugel see (Tallinn) on? Tema perekond elab (Itaalia). Rong sõidab (Itaalia). Me tulime (kohvik) kaks (tund) tagasi. Unit 6: Days of the week 6 Nädala päevad Days of the week By the end of this unit you should be familiar with: • the nominative plural • the comparative form of the adjective (‘more’, ‘bigger’, etc. ) • the days of the week Pireti nädal (CD 1; 25) Piret’s week Kui Piret elab Saare pere juures Tartus on tal tihe nädal. Nii Saare isa kui ka ema käivad iga päev tööl, sellepärast hoolitseb Piret laste eest kui vaja. Muidugi peab ta ka loengutel käima, ja nii ei ole kerge nädalat planeerida. Mari käib iga päev koolis ja perekonna väike poeg Toomas lasteaias. Praegu istub Piret kirjutuslaua taga ja loeb raamatut. Tõnu ja Paul on linnas. Täna õhtul tahavad nad minna kontserdile. Kirjutuslaual on kalender. Piret vaatab kalendrisse. Mis päev on täna? Täna on esmaspäev. Täna õhtul ta ei ole vaba. Ta peab koju jääma. Homme on teisipäev. Teisipäeviti on tal vaba päev. Siis ta ei lähe ülikooli. Teisipäeva õhtul tulevad laste vanemad vara koju. Ülehomme on kolmapäev, ja kolmapäeval on Piret kogu päeva ülikoolis. Aga kolmapäeva hommikul sõidavad Tõnu ja Paul tagasi Tallinna. Siis tulevad neljapäev, reede ja laupäev, siis on Piretil jälle kiire. Reedel peab ta raamatukokku minema. Võib-olla on pühapäev natuke lahedam. (From now on no English translations will be provided. ) 68 Unit 6: Nädala päevad Vocabulary with ( postp. ) often tight, busy week both... and, as well as käima go, visit, attend iga, – each, every sellepärast therefore öösel at night hoolitsema care (for) eest for ( postp. ) ikka always kerge, – easy planeerima plan poeg, poja son aed, aia garden lasteaed, -aia day nursery praegu now, at the moment pool sageli tihe, -da nädal, -a nii... kui ka kirjutama kirjutuslaud, -laua vaja taga kontsert, -di koos kalender, kalendri esmaspäev, -a teisipäev, -a teisipäeviti üldse öö, – vara ülehomme write desk, writing-table necessary behind ( postp. ) concert together, as well calendar Monday Tuesday on Tuesdays at all night early the day after tomorrow kolmapäev, -a Wednesday kogu, – whole, entire Unit 6: Days of the week neljapäev, -a reede, – laupäev, -a kiire olema 69 Thursday Friday Saturday be busy raamatukogu, – pühapäev, -a lahe, -da library Sunday easy, relaxed, loose The nominative plural In the evening the children’s parents come home. Õhtul tulevad laste vanemad koju. The nominative plural of nouns is used for the plural subjects of verbs in a sentence, and is formed simply by adding -d to the genitive singular stem. For example: tool laud raamat laps vanem õpilane gen. gen. nom. nom. nom. tooli laua raamatu lapse vanema õpilase pl. pl. pl. toolid lauad raamatud lapsed vanemad õpilased chairs tables books children parents students Comparisons Pühapäev on natuke lahedam. Sunday is a little easier. Comparison of adjectives is also based on the genitive stem. The comparative form, corresponding to ‘more’ or ‘-er’ in English, is formed by adding -m to the genitive stem: noor suur väike lahe gen. gen. noore suure väikese laheda comp. comp. comp. noorem suurem väiksem lahedam noorema suurema väiksema lahedama younger bigger smaller calmer But some adjectives (not all) ending in -a change this -a to -e in the comparative: vana pikk gen. vana comp. vanem gen. vanema gen. pika comp. pikem gen. pikema older longer 70 Unit 6: Nädala päevad ‘Than’ in comparisons is expressed by the word kui. Examples: Mu poeg on noorem kui mu tütar. Tartusse on pikem reis kui Pärnusse. Minu isa on vanem kui sinu isa. My son is younger than my daughter. It’s a longer trip to Tartu than to Pärnu. My father is older than your father. (CD 1; 26) Fill in the missing half of this telephone conversation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A. : B. : A. : __________ Kas Peeter kuuleb? (= Is that Peeter? ) __________ Onu Jaak on siin. __________ Kas isa on kodus? __________ Millal ta tagasi tuleb? __________ Palun, kutsu ema. __________ Millal ta koju tuleb? __________ Aga Alliki ja Reet? Kas nemad on kodus? __________ Sa oled siis üksi (= alone) kodus? __________ Mida sa õhtul teed? __________ Millal kontsert on? __________ Hea küll (= all right). Ma helistan homme. Nägemiseni (= goodbye). A. : __________ Exercise 2 (CD 1; 27) Answer these questions: Unit 6: Days of the week Mis Mis Mis Mis Mis 71 päev täna on? Täna on _________________________________ päev homme on? Homme on ____________________________ päev ülehomme on? Ülehomme on _______________________ päev oli eile (= yesterday)? Eile oli ________________________ päev oli üleeile? Üleeile oli ______________________________ Exercise 3 (CD 1; 28) Answer the following questions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kas teil on reedel vaba päev? Kas te käite kolmapäeviti tööl? Kas te olete neljapäeva õhtul vaba? Kas te olete ülehomme vaba? Mida te teete esmaspäeval? Mida te teete homme? Mida te teete teisipäeva õhtul? Millal te puhkate? Millal te töötate? Millal te õpite eesti keelt? (= Estonian) Millal teil on vaba päev? Mitu (= how many) päeva on nädalas? Exercise 4 What are the plural (nominative) forms of these nouns: töö raamat raamatukogu kino kool lasteaed tütar tütarlaps Exercise 5 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 My uncle is still young, but my aunt is younger. Is she your elder daughter? Our school is a little bigger than your school. I don’t have a smaller sister. You have a bigger garden than we do. 72 Unit 6: Nädala päevad 6 The day before yesterday (use adjectival form, üleeilne) the film was even (= veel) longer! 7 With every day the lectures are a little easier. 8 My older brother’s wife is still a student. Exercise 6 Look again at the beginning of the lesson and imagine you are Piret, making notes in her desk calendar. What entries would you make for each day of the coming week? (CD 1; 29) Mari ja Tiiu lähevad esmaspäeva õhtul teatrisse. Doktor Mets on pühapäeval valves. Jaan ja Siiri lähevad reedel kinno. Õpetaja Lukk läheb järgmisel nädalal puhkusele. Härra Kivimäe läheb neljapäeval komandeeringusse. Vocabulary teater, teatri valve, – õpetaja, – järgmine theatre puhkus, -e holiday watch, guard (here: duty) härra, – Mr teacher komandeering, -u business trip next Language in use Below is a typical Estonian class timetable. With the help of the extra vocabulary at the end, see how much of it you can understand. Vocabulary history computer physics English draw ajalugu, -loo arvuti, – füüsika, – inglise joonestama 73 TUNNIPLAAN 8. 00–8. 45 9. 05–9. 55–10. 35 Esmaspäev Matemaatika Ajalugu Teisipäev Kehaline kasvatus Keemia Kolmapäev Kirjandus Inglise keel Neljapäev Vene keel Füüsika Reede 10. 35–11. 00 Söögivahetund 11. 00–11. 40 11. 50–12. 30 12. 40–13. 20 Eesti keel Muusika ~ Arvutiopetus ~ Kunstiopetus Joonestamine 13. 0–14. 10 14. 20–15. 00 Saksa keel joonestamine, -mise juhataja, – kasvatus, -e keel, -e keemia, – muusika, – Klassijuhatajatund drawing teacher, master, mistress education, training language chemistry music 74 Exercise 7 Answer the following questions: 1 2 3 4 Mitu tundi eesti keelt on nädala tunniplaanis? Millal on klassijuhataja tund? Mitu ajaloo tundi on nädalas? Millal on arvutiõpetuse tundi? Unit 7: A birthday 7 Sünnipäev A birthday By the end of this unit you should: • be familiar with partitive forms of pronouns • be able to express prices of goods • be able to read and understand a train timetable (CD 1; 30) Küllakutse Tõnu invites Piret to his birthday party back in Tallinn. Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret, kas sa oled pühapäeva õhtul vaba? Olen küll. Palun tule minu poole. Mul on pühapäeval sünnipäev. Aitäh. Tänan kutsumast. Mis kell ma tulen? Tule kell kuus. Kas see sobib sulle? Sobib küll. Aga ma ei tea, kus sa elad. Ma elan Narva maanteel, maja number 156, korter 15. 5/30/08, 16:49 76 Unit 7: Sünnipäev Piret: Oota, ma kirjutan üles. Narva maantee 156, korter 15. Kuidas ma sinu juurde sõidan? Tõnu: Sõida trammiga number 3 Kadrioru peatuseni. Piret: Veelkord suur aitäh. Ma tulen kindlasti. Tõnu: Hästi, ma ootan sind. Vocabulary birthday suit, fit town in northeast Estonia kirjutama üles write down (lit. : ‘up’) tramm, -i tram peatus, -e stop veel still, yet Kadriorg, -oru park in Tallinn sünnipäev, -a sobima Narva, – maa, – tee, – maantee, – korter, -ri kord veelkord kindel, kindla kindlasti land road highway flat once once more sure, certain surely, certainly Object forms of the pronouns I’ll wait for you. Ma ootan sind. We encountered the partitive case of nouns in Unit 2. The word sind in this sentence is the partitive form of the pronoun sina ‘you’. It appears in the partitive case here because the verb ootama ‘wait (for)’ requires that case, as do many other verbs. The partitive forms of all the personal pronouns are: mind sind teda seda me you him/her it meid teid neid us you them To express the idea of someone or something ‘not being present’, we use these partitive forms with the negative verb particle ei: Teda ei ole praegu siin. She’s not here/just now. Mind homme ei ole siin, mul on vaba päev. I won’t be here tomorrow, I have the day off. Estonian has no future tense, and usually the present is used to express the future. 77 Exercise 1 How would you say in Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I waited for you until half past eight. She went as far as the bus stop. Are you (pl. ) waiting for me? Did you (sing. ) expect me at a quarter to four? I waited for you until a quarter past four. You can wait for me, but I won’t be coming here. I’m not expecting her, and she isn’t here either. (CD 1; 31) Piret läheb poodi As everywhere else in modern Europe, most people in Estonia do their shopping in supermarkets. The opportunities for conversation and making use of your active language skills are not great in a supermarket, but in some places you can still buy fresh local produce from markets – and practise your language skills. Piret has chosen a market to do her shopping for the Saar family. She has a long shopping list. Müüja: Piret: Müüja: Piret: Müüja: Piret: Müüja: Piret: Müüja: Piret: Müüja: Piret: Müüja: Järgmine, palun. Mida teile? Palun üks leib, kaks liitrit piima ja kolmsada grammi juustu. Kas see on kõik? Ei ole. Palun veel kaks purki hapukoort ja üks pakk võid. Ja veel? Kui palju õunad maksavad? Uks euro ja viis senti. Kas need on head õunad? On küll, väga värsked. Palun andke mulle kaks kilo. Kui palju see teeb? Kaks eurot ja kümme senti. Palun, siin on kolm eurot. Palun, üheksakümmend senti tagasi. Vocabulary müüja, – euro, leib, leiva sai, -a shop assistant euro bread white bread 78 Unit 7: Sünnipäev liiter, -tri piim, -a kolmsada gramm, -i juust, -u kõik, kõige purk, purgi hapu, – hapukoor, -e pakk, paki või, – midagi kui kui palju maksma õun, -a kilo, – need, nende värske, – anda sent, sendi ( part. senti) litre milk 300 gram(me) cheese all, everything jar, pot, can sour, acid (as in Estonian delicacies) sour cream packet butter something, anything (here:) how how much pay, cost apple kilogram these, those fresh give cent (minor unit of Estonian, and now European, currency) Currency Since 1992 Estonia has had its own currency, the kroon, which was divided into 100 senti. The sent denominations were and still are coins, while the kroon denominations were banknotes. This was also Estonia’s currency during its period of independence from 1918 to 1940. During Soviet times, of course, and up to 1992, the rouble and kopek were the units of currency. Prices written in figures are expressed with a dot between the euro and the sent amounts: 5. 85 = 5 (eurot) 85 (senti). A change to the euro is expected some time after 2008. 79 Exercise 2 Here is some extra food shopping vocabulary: kala, – fish tükk, tüki item, piece, apiece, each kurk, kurgi cucumber sibul, -a porgand, -i kartul, -i onion carrot potato Answer these questions: 1 Kala maksab 2. 50 eurot kilo. Kui palju maksab kolm kilo kala? 2 Või maksab 17 senti pakk (200 grammi). Kui palju maksab neli pakki võid? 3 Sai maksab kuuskümmend viis senti. Kui palju maksab kuus saia? 4 Piim maksab viiskümmend viis senti liiter. Kui palju maksab viis liitrit piima? 5 Kurgid maksavad 1. 30 eurot kilo. Kui palju maksab pool kilo kurke? 6 Sibulad maksavad 85 senti kilo. Kui palju maksab poolteist kilo sibulaid? 7 Porgandid maksavad 65 senti kilo. Kui palju maksab pool kilo porgandeid? 8 Kartulid maksavad kolmkümmend viis senti kilo. Kui palju maksab kaks kilo kartuleid? Dialogue 3 (CD 1; 32) Tõnu sünnipäev Piret arrives at Tõnu’s address in Tallinn and knocks on the door. He opens it. Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Tere, Piret! Astu sisse! Sa oled ju mu esimene külaline. Muud külalised ei ole veel tulnud. Oi, milline uhke korter sul on! Siin võib väga suure sünnipäevapeo pidada! Jah, mul on ruumikas korter, aga mööblit pole piisavalt. Nagu näed, on mul vaja veel mõnda tooli ja suuremat lauda. Mu vanemad lubasid mulle mööbli osta. Aga Piret, sul on veel mantel seljas! Võta mantel maha ja ma panen selle riidepuule. 80 Unit 7: Sünnipäev The doorbell rings. Tõnu opens it to greet his friends Riho and Helvi. Helvi: Riho: Helvi: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Palju õnne sünnipäevaks, Tõnu! Tõime sulle ka väikese kingi. Ja palun, lilled sulle! Oh, tänan väga. Aga Piret, siin on mu vanad sõbrad Riho ja Helvi. Tere, Riho! Tere, Helvi! Astuge edasi elutuppa ja istume siia väikese laua ümber. Kas mahume kõik ära? Mida te juua soovite? Kas veini, õlut või mahla? Veini, et juua sünnipäevalapse terviseks! Vocabulary tõime külaline, -lise uhke, – pidu, peo ruumikas, -ka mööbel, mööbli mantel, -tli (irreg. past tense of tooma bring) guest splendid, proud party, feast, festivity roomy, spacious furniture coat riidepuu, – õnn, -e kink, -gi (= kingitus) vein, -i õlu, – mahl, -a et tervis, -e coat-hanger happiness, luck gift wine beer juice in order to health Language in use The Old Town of Tallinn A stranger comes up to you in the middle of Raekoja Plats (Town Hall Square) in the Old Town of Tallinn. Looking at the map below and using the vocabulary you know, attempt to answer his questions. (You might find some helpful vocabulary in the glossary at the end of the book. ) 1 2 3 4 5 Kus Kus Kus Kus Kus on on on on on Lühike Jalg? Oleviste kirik? Toompea loss? Niguliste kirik? Kiek in de Kök? 81 Toompea loss LOSSI PLATS K DUN Niguliste Kirik PIK K JA LG RAT ASK AEV U ME HE JALG RÜÜTLI LÜHIKE Kiek in de Kök UR G MUNGA U RN PÄ VIRU VE NE AG I E VI M IST LE PAG AR I O Olevista Kirik TOLLI VA NA T PIKK UUS EE NT AA M AIA Viru väljak EV ST SUUR LA OL RAEKOJA PLATS -KARJA APT EEG I E IVAH VA NA -PO HARJU MU VAI PIKK PÜHA R MÜÜ RI I OR VO MER E PUI ES TEE Unit 8: Piret ajab asju 8 Piret ajab asju Piret has things to do learn some vocabulary about clothing and housework know the months of the year be/able to talk about imagined events and conditions – ‘if’ recognize the comparative form of the adverb know how to get directions and find your way (CD 2; 1) Vestlus riietest Leida Saar needs Piret’s help today with the housework. When Piret gets up, Leida has already been up for a while. Piret: Sa oled juba nii vara üleval? Leida: Jah, ma tõusin kolmveerand tundi tagasi. Ma pean täna riideid pesema. Mul on puhas pesu peaaegu otsas. Kas sa võiksid mind pesupesemisel aidata? Piret: Jah, heameelega. Leida: Siin on viis särki, neli alussärki, viis paari sokke, paar Tsärki ja kolm taskurätikut! Kas sul on ka midagi pesta anda? Piret: Mul praegu musta pesu ei ole. Aga mu kleit on õmblusest pisut lahti. Leida: Kas sa ise oskad õmmelda? Piret: Jah, aga mul ei ole masinat. Ma viin kleidi õmbleja juurde. Leida: Jaani halli ülikonda on ka tarvis puhastada. Kui me linna läheme, siis ma võtan selle ka kaasa. Tal on seda juba ülehomseks vaja. Unit 8: Piret has things to do 83 Vocabulary asju ajama üleval pesema täna meie riie, -de mu = minu puhas, puhta pesu, – peaaegu ots, -a otsas aidata heameelega särk, särgi alus, -e alussärk, -särgi paar, -i sokk, soki tasku, – rätik, -u taskurätik, -u must, -a kleit, kleidi õmblus, -e pisut lahti ise, enda oskama õmblema masin, -a viima hall, -i ülikond, -konna tarvis olema puhastama kaasa vaja do errands, attend to business up, awake wash today our garment, fabric my clean linen, underwear; washing, laundry almost end at an end, used up, finished help willingly, with pleasure (hea + meele + ga) shirt ground, base, foundation vest, undershirt pair sock pocket kerchief handkerchief black; dirty dress sewing; seam slightly, a little loose, torn, unstuck (my-/your-/her-/him-... ) self know how, be able to sew machine carry, take grey suit be necessary, needed clean (along) with necessary, needed 84 Making verbs into nouns We saw in the train timetable vocabulary at the end of the previous lesson the words saabumine ‘arrival’ and väljumine ‘departure’. These are gerunds or noun forms derived from the stems of the verbs saabuma ‘arrive’ and väljuma ‘depart’ respectively. In the dialogue above we see that these forms ending in -mine can be declined like any other similar noun: pesta ‘wash’ > pesemine, pesemise‘washing’. Change of state Tal on seda juba ülehomseks He needs it for the day after vaja. tomorrow. (Lit. ‘on him is already for the-day-after-tomorrow need’) The translative case has the characteristic ending -ks added to the genitive stem. As its name implies, it is used to indicate a change of state: Pesu on saanud mustaks. The linen has got dirty. Mu riided hakkavad vanaks jääma. My clothes are getting old. Ta õpib õpetajaks. She is studying to become a teacher. But the translative case can also be used with time expressions to indicate ‘for’ or ‘to’ or ‘by’ some occasion or time: in time phrases it can denote the end-point or the duration. For example, when Piret visits Tõnu on his birthday she might wish him Palju õnne sünnipäevaks ‘much happiness for (your) birthday’. In the dialogue above, Leida said Tal on vaja seda ülehomseks ‘He needs it for the day after tomorrow. ’ Läheme üheks nädalaks. We’ll go for a week. But: Läheme järgmisel nädalal. We’ll go next week. Ma jään ööseks siia. I’m staying here for the night. Note the special adjectival form of öö, and that jääma takes the illative case. 85 Palun saage tuttavaks. ‘May I introduce... ’ (lit. : ‘please become acquaintances’) (CD 2; 2) Substitute the phrases below for the one in the model: Ta läheb järgmiseks neljapäevaks Tallinna. How would you say ‘He is going to Tallinn’ 1 2 3 4 5 for for for for for three months? one day? a couple of hours? half a year? a long time? (CD 2; 3) Minu poeg tahab saada poemüüjaks. My son wants to become a shop assistant. Using the following additional vocabulary, substitute ‘your son’ in the following jobs: 1 2 3 4 5 õpetaja, – (teacher) autojuht, -juhi (driver) arst, -i (doctor) eraettevõtja, or ärimees, -mehe – (businessman) kohtunik, -u ( judge) Exercise 3 Nad tulevad laupäevaks meile. How would you say ‘They are coming to our place’? 1 2 3 4 5 6 for the summer (suvi, -ve) for the school vacation (koolivaheaeg, -aja) by Sunday for a moment (hetk, -e) for six hours for seventeen weeks 86 Exercise 4 Minu mehel on ülikonda vaja reedeks. How would you say ‘My husband needs the suit’? 1 2 3 4 5 for the winter (talv, -e) by Saturday by today (täna, gen. -se) by tomorrow by next Wednesday (CD 2; 4) Postkontoris Later that day, Piret accompanies Paul to the post office, where he has some postcards to send. Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: Ma olen nii palju Tartus ringi käinud, et ma tunnen iga tänavat. Aga Tallinnas olen veel võõras, ja eksin siin kergemini ära. Piret, kas sul on aega postkontorisse kaasa tulla? On küll, muidugi! Lähme koos sinna! Kas sul on postkaardid valmis? Olen nad juba kirjutanud, aga mul on vaja marke. Minul on ka asja postkontorisse. Ma pean ühe panderolli Saksamaale saatma. Postkontor on üsna lähedal, see on nurga pealt kolmas maja. At the post office: Paul: Kui palju maksab postkaardi saatmine Inglismaale? Müüja: Kas lennu või tavalise postiga? Paul: Lennupostiga. Müüja: Nelikümmend viis senti. Mitu marki teil vaja on? Paul: Palun mulle kolm marki. 87 Piret takes her turn after Paul. Piret: Tere. Ma sooviksin selle panderolli Saksamaale saata. Müüja: Kui palju see kaalub? Piret: Ma ei tea. Panen selle kaalu peale. Müüja: Seitsesada viiskümmend grammi. Kas tähitud või lihtpanderoll? Piret: Tähitud palun. Müüja: See maksab neli eurot ja viiskümmend senti. Palun kirjutage aadress peale. Piret and Paul are ready to go, but: Paul: Ma märkasin, et siit saab kaugekõnesid votta. Ma sooviksin koju helistada, aga ma unustasin oma mobiiltelefoni Tartusse. Oota üks hetk, ja ma käin helistamas. Vocabulary recognize (n. ) stranger, foreigner (adj. ) strange, foreign ära eksima get lost kergemini more easily postkontor, -i post office postkaart, -di postcard mark, margi stamp asi, asja thing, matter, business, errand panderoll, -i printed paper/item saatma send saatmine, -mise sending nurk, nurga corner pealt from ( postp. with gen. ) kolmas, -manda third ära tundma võõras, võõra house, building flight air mail ordinary weigh scales registered (in combinations) plain, ordinary lihtne, -se simple, plain kauge, – distant kõne, – call (also: speech) kaugekõne long-distance call valmis ready mobiiltelefon, -i mobile telephone ära unustama forget about Maha unustama leave behind maja, – lend, lennu lennupost tavaline, -lise kaaluma kaal, -u tähitud liht- 88 The particle ära Notice in this dialogue how the word ära can be added to a verb to change its meaning: tundma ‘know’ but ära tundma ‘recognize’; eksima ‘make a mistake, err’ but ära eksima ‘get lost’; unustama ‘forget’ but ära unustama ‘leave behind’. The ablative case Postkontor on nurga pealt kolmas maja. The laundry is the third building from the corner. The ablative case carries the basic meaning ‘from’ and has the characteristic ending -lt. Although both the elative and the ablative occasionally correspond to the English preposition ‘from’, the fundamental difference between them is that the elative (-st) implies coming ‘out of’ an interior, whereas the ablative (-lt) refers to contact with a surface or place. Noun cases that refer to physical positions in space we call ‘local’ cases. The concepts of what are called the ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ local cases are perhaps difficult to visualize, and they do not correspond to prepositional use in English, but it will help if we group the six ‘local’ cases together, now that we have encountered them all: Illative Inessive Elative -sse -s -st ‘into’ ‘in’ ‘out of’ Allative Adessive Ablative -le -l -lt ‘to’ ‘on’ ‘from’ Again it must be stressed that the English prepositions are not equivalents at all, but only a very rough guide to their meaning. Proper use of the local cases can only come with practice. But these cases need not always refer only to spatial position. The ablative case is used when something comes ‘from’ a person: Terviseid härra Valgrelt! ‘Greetings from Mr Valgre! ’; Terviseid härra Valgrele! ‘Greetings to Mr Valgre! ’; Rääkisime härra Valgrest. ‘We were talking about Mr Valgre. ’ Võta laualt ‘take from the table’; küsi õpetajalt ‘ask (from) the teacher’; rääkisime muusikast ‘we were talking about music’. Ordinal numbers 89 (CD 2; 5) The ordinal numbers from 1 to 10 are: esimene, esimese teine, teise kolmas, kolmanda neljas, neljanda viies, viienda first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth kuues, kuuenda seitsmes, seitsmenda kaheksas, kaheksanda üheksas, üheksanda kümnes, kümnenda The subjunctive/conditional form of the verb Ma sooviksin selle panderolli I’d like to send this printed paper Saksamaale saata. to Germany. The marker of the subjunctive or conditional mood of the verb in Estonian is -ks. This is added to the present tense stem whenever a hypothetical state or action is implied, as we use ‘would’ in English. In fact it is more commonly used in Estonian than we use ‘would’ in English. And whereas in some languages there is a distinction between the subjunctive (used in main clauses with ‘would’ in English) and the conditional (used in ‘if’ clauses) there is no such distinction in Estonian. The personal endings are otherwise much like the present tense ones: -ksin, -ksid, -ks, -ksime, -ksite, -ksid. The personal endings are often omitted in colloquial speech; -ks can be heard for all persons. See oleks võimalik. It would be possible. Ma tahaksin ka tulla. I would like to come too. Sooviksin osta uut televiisorit. I would like to buy a new television set. Tahaksin oma tütrele head haridust. I would like a good education for my daughter. It is also used in conditional clauses when kui means ‘if’: Me õpiksime inglise keelt, kui see oleks võimalik. We would learn English if it were possible. Sa sõidaksid Eestisse, kui sul oleks raha. You would travel to Estonia if you had the money. 90 The comparative form of the adverb Kas ma võiksin seda varem kätte saada? Could I collect it earlier? The comparative form of the adverb ends, like the comparative adjective, in -(e)m: varem ‘earlier’, hiljem ‘later’. For adverbs of manner, we use the adverb ending -alt in cases like odavamalt ‘more cheaply’, mugavamalt ‘more comfortably’ and so on. Eksin siin kergemini ära. I get lost here more easily. For more about the comparison of adverbs see p. 104. Months of the year (Kuud aastas) The names of the months are: jaanuar mai september veebruar juuni oktoober märts juuli november aprill august detsember The word kuu ‘month’ is sometimes found added to the genitive forms of their names, like this: jaanuarikuu veebruarikuu märtsikuu aprillikuu maikuu juunikuu juulikuu augustikuu septembrikuu oktoobrikuu novembrikuu detsembrikuu ‘In’ a month is expressed with the inessive case: detsembri(kuu)s ‘in December’. But dates are expressed with the adessive: kolmandal detsembril ‘on third December’; kahekümne viiendal aprillil ‘on 25th April’; seitsmeteistkümnendal augustil ‘on 17th August’; kolmeteistkümnendal veebruaril ‘on 13th February’; kolmekümnendal jaanuaril ‘on 30th January’. Exercise 5 1 2 3 4 5 Mis Mis Mis Mis Mis kuupäev kuupäev kuupäev kuupäev kuupäev (date) on täna? oli eile (yesterday)? on homme? oli üleeile (the day before yesterday)? on ülehomme? Exercise 6 91 (CD 2; 6) Put these sentences into (a) the past tense and (b) the subjunctive/ conditional mood: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ma käin linnas ringi. Ma annan talle särgi. Ma tõusen juba kell kuus. Me tahame koju minna. Kas te sõidate linna? Tema pesu saab mustaks. Sa maksad talle liiga palju. Ma tunnen seda meest hästi. Reading passage Piret läks koos Pauliga linna, sest Paulil oli vaja postkaarte saata. Paul küsis müüjalt, kui palju maksab kaardi saatmine Inglismaale. Müüja ütles, et see maksab nelikümmend viis senti. Ka Piretil oli asja postkontorisse. Tema soovis tähitud panderolli Saksamaale saata. Müüja palus panderolli kaaluda. See kaalus 750 grammi, ja maksis 4. 50 eurot. Siis käis Paul kaugekõnet helistamas. (Try reading the figures aloud. ) Language in use Vocabulary parem, parema right (side) ümber ( prep. + gen. ) around valmisriided ready-made clothes maiustused sweets risttee, – pealt ( postp. ) keerama kulinaaria pöörama cross-road (starting) from turn culinary shop turn around Exercise 7 Imagine you are being given instructions when lost at the point shown on the map. If you have the recording, listen to it and follow them on the map. You have asked: 92 1 2 3 4 Kus Kus Kus Kus on on on on kalapood? toidupood? kauplus ‘Marleen’? kaubamaja? A 1 2 3 B 1 Sinust paremale jääb kingapood. Kingapoest edasi ümber nurga on valmisriiete kauplus. Selle kõrval on kalapood. Mine otse edasi, üle risttee, ja nurga pealt kolmas maja on lihapood. 2 Üle tänava, lihapoe vastas, on toidupood. C 1 Mine otse, siis keera teisel teeristil vasakule ja kohe nurga peal on kulinaaria. 2 Sellest üle tee on Petsi äri. 3 Petsi ärist väljudes keera vasakule ja ristteel veelkord vasakule, jõuad kauplusse ‘Marleen’. D Mine otse ja pööra teisest tänavast paremale. Neljas maja nurga pealt on maiustustepood. Üle tee, täpselt nurga peal, on kaubamaja. 93 Exercise 8 You are lost in an Estonian town, and you ask a passer-by for directions. This is the answer that you hear: Kõigepealt lähete selle kirikuni, siis pöörate paremale ja lähete otse kuni valgusfoorini (valgusfoor ‘traffic lights’), sealt pöörate vasakule ja kohe oletegi suure kolmekordse maja ees. What did the passer-by tell you to do? You can work it out with the help of the glossary at the end of the book. Unit 9: Piret ostab riideid 9 Piret ostab riideid Piret buys clothes By the end of this unit you should: • • • • know the past active participle (‘I have spoken’) know the superlative form of the adjective know how to form the genitive plural of nouns acquire some more shopping vocabulary Piret läheb riideid ostma Piret goes shopping for clothes (CD 2; 7) Piretil ei ole Tartus nii palju riideid kui kodus Tallinnas. Sellepärast on ta otsustanud minna riideid ostma. Ta püüab alati riietuda vastavalt olukorrale. Kui ta talvel välja läheb, paneb ta selga talvemantli, pähe paneb mütsi, kaela salli, jalga talvesaapad ja kätte soojad kindad. Kui ilmad soojemaks lähevad, piisab kevadmantlist või jakist. Tema ülikoolikaaslased käivad riides üsna lihtsalt. Tüdrukutel on seljas kas pluusid ja seelikud või kleidid, poistel püksid, särgid ja kampsunid. Vocabulary otsustama ostma alati püüdma, püüan riietuma decide buy always try dress (oneself) answer, correspond corresponding correspondingly, accordingly olukord, -korra situation, condition panema put vastama vastav vastavalt 5/30/08, 16:50 Unit 9: Piret buys clothes selg, selja panema selga (ill. of selg) mantel, -tli panema pähe (ill. of pea) müts, -i kael, -a sall, -i jalg, jala saabas, saapa soe, sooja kinnas, kinda ilm, -a 95 back put on (of clothes and headgear) coat put on (of head-gear) cap, hat neck scarf foot, leg boot warm glove, mitten weather minema, lähen piisama kevad, -e jakk, jaki kaaslane, -lase üsna lihtne, -sa kas... või pluus, -i seelik, -u püksid, pükste kampsun, -i get, become suffice, be enough (+ elat. ) spring jacket companion, mate fairly, quite simple either... or blouse skirt trousers cardigan The past participle Ta on otsustanud minna riideid ostma. She’s decided to go and buy some clothes. Whereas in English we say ‘I have spoken’, ‘you have waited’, ‘he has invited’, in Estonian we use the present tense of the verb ‘to be’ and the past participle -nud added to the stem of the -da infinitive: I have spoken you have waited s/he has invited mina olen rääkinud sina oled oodanud tema on kutsunud Likewise: Piret has decided s/he has bought we have come Piret on otsustanud tema on ostnud meie oleme tulnud Note also that in the last two examples (ostnud, tulnud) there is no intervening vowel before the ending -nud. The seasons The names of the four seasons (aastaajad) are: talv winter, kevad spring, suvi summer, sügis autumn. 96 Verbs governing other verbs: more about the -ma infinitive In Unit 3 we were introduced to what we called the ‘second infinitive’ of the verb, with the characteristic ending -ma. We discussed it in connection with the auxiliary verb pidama ‘to have to’, which always governs it. But other verbs can also govern the ‘second infinitive’. The ending -ma carries a meaning roughly similar to ‘(in order) to’ + infinitive in English, in cases where it is governed by verbs expressing movement (minema, tulema, jääma, sõitma, reisima and so on) and tends to come at the end of the clause, after its object. For example, in the passage above, we read: she’s decided to go and buy some clothes ta on otsustanud minna riideid ostma Note how the verb ostma comes after its object, riideid. Many verbs govern other verbs which take the -ma ending. The common one which we have already encountered is pidama in the sense of ‘have to’: Ta peab püüdma. S/he has to try. Me peame nüüd minema. We have to go now. Other common verbs that govern -ma are hakkama ‘begin, start’ and panema ‘put’ (in the sense of ‘force/make’): Hakkan laulma. I(’ll) start to sing. Ta paneb mind õppima. She makes me learn. Other verbs that govern others ending in -ma do so in a sense much closer to the English ‘in order to’: Ta läks riideid ostma. S/he went (in order) to buy some clothes. More about the genitive plural: cases based on it We learned the genitive (or possessive) singular form of the noun in our very first unit, and in Unit 4 we saw that the characteristic ending of the genitive plural of nouns is -te or -de, usually added to the genitive singular stem: Unit 9: Piret buys clothes plaan poiss tüdruk plan boy girl 97 gen. plaani poisi tüdruku gen. plaanide poiste tüdrukute The same applies in general to adjectives: big long old suur, suure, suurte pikk, pika, pikkade vana, vana, vanade Those other cases which derive from the genitive stem behave similarly in the plural: See on tüdrukute kool. This is the girls’ school. Tüdrukutel on kool. The girls have a school. Vanade linnade kauplused on meeldivad. The shops of old towns are pleasant. Vanades linnades on meeldivad kauplused. There are pleasant shops in old towns. (CD 2; 8) Mõnikord riietub Piret natuke pidulikumalt: ta paneb selga näiteks kostüümi. Tal on kombeks öelda, et ta nõrkuseks on kingad. Neid on Piretil küll palju rohkem, kui tarvis oleks. Tal on vist kümmekond paari. Aga see, missugusest kangast riided talle kõige rohkem meeldivad, sõltub olukorrast. Kui võimalik, eelistab ta puuvillaseid ja villaseid riideid. 98 Vocabulary mõnikord pidu, peo pidulik, -u näide, näite näiteks kostüüm, -i komme, kombe king, -a nõrk, nõrga nõrkus, -e eelistama sometimes feast, festivity, party solemn, festive, formal example, instance for example women’s two-piece dress suit habit, custom shoe weak weakness prefer, favour cotton tree woollen wool more (comp. of palju) (also:) than probably, maybe (mul on vist = I must have) kümmekond about ten, ten or so missugune, -se what kind of kangas, -ga cloth, fabric meeldima please, appeal to sõltuma depend olukord, -korra situation puuvill, -a puu, – villane, -lase vill, -a rohkem kui vist The superlative form of the adjective Missugune kangas on kõige soojem? Which fabric is warmest? The superlative form of the adjective is formed simply by adding kõige before the comparative form: rohkem more kõige rohkem most suur vana ilus much, many big old beautiful suurem vanem ilusam kõige suurem kõige vanem kõige ilusam hea good parem bigger older more beautiful better palju Lea on kõige ilusam tüdruk. kõige parem biggest oldest most beautiful best Lea is the most beautiful girl. Villane on kõige soojem kangas. Wool is the warmest fabric. Tallinn on Eesti kõige suurem linn. Tallinn is the biggest town in Estonia. Mart on kõige parem poiss. Mart is the best boy. The superlative form with kõige usually takes the ending ‘vowel plus -im’. For some adjectives a separate form without kõige, ending in -am, can be used optionally: Unit 9: Piret buys clothes 99 Mart on parim poiss, keda ma tean. Mart is the best boy I know. The genitive stem of these superlative forms is -(i)ma-, from which the nominative plural is formed. Meie linnas on ilusaimad or kõige ilusamad tüdrukud. The most beautiful girls are in our town. Tallinnas on Eesti kõige kõrgeimad ehitised. The tallest buildings in Estonia are in Tallinn. Milliseid on parimad or kõige paremad ravimid? Which are the best medicines? Adjectives ending in -ne We have already met a number of adjectives ending in -ne (gen. -se), such as esimene ‘first’, järgmine ‘next’. Many adjectives can be formed from nouns using the same ending: talv ‘winter’, talvine ‘winter’ (adj. ); puu ‘tree’, ‘wood’, puine ‘wooden’, ‘stiff’; vill ‘wool’, villane ‘woollen’. Mulle meeldib talvine linn. I like the town in winter. Villane kangas on soe. Woollen fabric is warm. Exercise 1 How would you say in Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 The blouse has got dirty. (using saama, past part. saanud) I have been watching television. Those three children have been playing a long time now. She has decided to go home. We have bought many more shoes than we need. My clothes have always depended on the weather. Exercise 2 Insert the correct comparative or superlative forms of the adjective: 1 Päevad on juba palju [pikk] ja ööd palju [soe] kui mõni nädal tagasi. 100 Unit 9: Piret ostab riideid 2 3 4 5 Ma ei oska sulle öelda, milline on Eesti [suur] linn. Nüüd on sügis, ja Leida paneb selga [palju] sooje riideid kui suvel. Milline aastaaeg on sinu meelest [ilus]? Missugused riided on [hea], kleidid või pluusid ja seelikud? Exercise 3 Here is a table of pronouns in the three essential forms, nominative, genitive and partitive. On this basis you can work out the pronoun forms in all cases. Choose from among them the correct forms to insert in the sentences below. If in doubt, see the ready-reference grammar at the end of the book. Nominative Genitive Partitive mis what, which mille mida kes who kelle keda see it, this selle seda minu mind sina sinu sind tema teda meie meid teie teid nemad, need nende neid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Varem olime [tema] suured sõbrad. Ta pole [mina] kirjutanud. Kas [teie] oleks võimalik [meie] kaasa tulla? Ta käib sageli [nad] juures. [See] naisel, [kes] me eile rääkisime, on palju tuttavaid Eestis. Kleit, [mis] ma eile selga panin, on juba mustaks läinud. Kas sa tead, mis [nemad] nimed on? 101 Language in use 1 Describe the contents of your own wardrobe. Here is a list of colours to help you. roheline punane must valge sinine green red black white blue roosa pruun kollane hall pink brown yellow grey 2 Can you guess the genitive forms of the above adjectives? Unit 10: Ilm ja aastaajad 10 Ilm ja aastaajad Weather and the seasons recognize and be able to use the negative subjunctive verb be able to discuss the weather and seasons recognize all the noun cases in Estonian know more about the formation of the superlative adjective (CD 2; 9) Tuuline jalutuskäik Tartus On a windy afternoon in Tartu, early in the autumn university term, Tõnu is chatting with Piret about the weather. They are taking her nephew and niece, Toomas and Mari, out for a walk. Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Mari: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Siin Tartus on sügiseti tuul väga vinge. Jah, aga Tallinnas, kus kirdetuul puhub Soome lahelt, on tuul veel vingem. Sügis on ilus aastaaeg, aga oleks palju kenam, kui vihma ei sajaks. Aga vihmata poleks see ju sügis. Varsti hakkab lund sadama. Talv tuleb varsti. Seegi oleks meeldiv aastaaeg, kui poleks nii käredat pakast. Piret, mul on külm! Paneme sulle salli kaela. Täna on külm tuul. Minu meelest on nii tore, kui saab suusatada ja uisutada. Mina uisutan hea meelega järvel. Aga päevad on talvel liiga lühikesed! Õhk on külm, ja päike paistab päeval ainult mõne tunni. Talveõhtud Unit 10: Weather and the seasons Toomas: Piret: Toomas: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: 103 on pimedad ja ööd on pikad. Oi! Toomas kukkus maha! Piret, miks ma pean kummikutega käima? Ma ei taha kummikuid. Kas sul on kummikutega raske käia? On. Aga kummikud peavad jalas olema, sest täna on paha ilm. Muidu sa saad märjaks! No, mis aastaaeg siis sinu meelest kõige kenam on? Mulle meeldib kõige rohkem suvi. Suvi on Eestis nii ilus, ja suvel saab puhata. Mina käin puhkusel Pärnus, või Haapsalus, mere ääres, kus saab soojas vees ujuda. Jah, aga mulle meeldib kevad veel rohkem. Pärast pikka pimedat talve ärkab loodus unest ja ilm muutub soojemaks. Ka kevade värvid on minu meelest kõige kaunimad. Aga vaata nüüd sügise värve! Kas kevad võiks olla veel parem! Vocabulary wind cutting, piercing northeast wind blow Finland bay, gulf season nice fall, precipitate rain snow järv, -e lühike(ne), -kese õhk, õhu külm, -a päike(ne), -kese paistma ainult mõni pime, -da saama Pärnu, Haapsalu fierce, sharp, severe või meri, mere frost, cold äär, -e weather ujuma kummik, -u rubber boot vesi, vee (short form of ärkama kummisäärik, -u) loodus, -e märg, märja damp uni, une paha, – bad muutuma suusatama ski uisutama skate värv, -i tuul, -e vinge kirdetuul, -e puhuma Soome, – laht, lahe aastaaeg, -aja kena, – sadama, sajab vihm, -a lumi, lume ( part. lund) käre, -da pakane, -kase lake short air cold sun shine only, merely some, a few dark can, may Estonian coastal resorts or sea side, edge, verge swim water wake nature sleep change (intrans. ) colour 104 The negative subjunctive/conditional This form of the verb is the same as the positive but preceded by ei: Oleks kenam, kui vihma ei sajaks. It would be nicer if it didn’t rain. (Lit. : ‘if rain didn’t fall’) Ei oleks kenam, kui vihma sajaks. It wouldn’t be more beautiful if it rained. The partitive of words ending in -ne See oleks meeldiv aastaaeg, kui ei oleks nii käredat pakast. It would be a pleasant season if there weren’t such a sharp frost. Adjectives and nouns ending in -ne in the nominative, -se in the genitive, generally have the ending -st in the partitive: pakane, pakase, pakast; talvine, talvise, talvist and so on. The superlative form of the adverb Suvi on kõige parem aastaaeg. Summer is the best season. Mulle meeldib suvi kõige rohkem. I like summer best of all. In Estonian we usually get the adverb from the adjective by adding either -sti or -lt to the genitive stem (sometimes both variants are possible): halb ‘bad’, genitive halva > adverb halvasti ‘badly’; vinge ‘piercing’, genitive vinge, adverb vingelt ‘piercingly’. The adverb answers the question ‘how’? There are also some words that belong to the class of adverbs that are not derived from adjectives, and so don’t have these characteristic endings, such as palju ‘much’, vähe ‘little’. The usual way of getting comparative and superlative forms from adverbs is either by omitting the ending -sti/-lt and adding the ending -mini to the genitive stem of the adjective; when the last letter of the stem is -a, it changes to -e (halvasti > halvemini ‘worse’); or in the case of adverbs ending in -lt, they may be derived from the 105 comparative degree of the adjective, taking its genitive stem and adding -lt (vinge > vingelt; comparative of adjective vingem, genitive vingema, comparative of adverb vingemalt). The superlative is formed, as with adjectives, by adding kõige before the comparative form. Tuul puhub vingelt. The wind blows sharply. Tuul puhub veel vingemalt. The wind is blowing even more sharply. Soome lahelt puhub tuul kõige vingemalt. From the Gulf of Finland the wind blows most sharply. Piret käib kiiresti. Piret walks quickly. Tõnu käib kiiremini. Tõnu walks more quickly. Mina käin kõige kiiremini. I walk the most quickly. The exceptions palju and vähe have the following comparative and superlative forms: palju – rohkem – kõige rohkem; vähe – vähem – kõige vähem. The abessive case Aga vihmata poleks see ju sügis. But after all it wouldn’t be autumn without rain. (ju = after all) The abessive case is the last of the Estonian cases we have to learn. It has the meaning ‘without’ and is formed by adding -ta to the genitive stem: vihmata ‘without rain’; tuuleta ‘without wind’. ‘Without’ can also be expressed by the preposition ilma, but even here the abessive case is used: ilma vihmata and so on. The case can be used, of course, with names as well as nouns: Nad lähevad linna (ilma) Piretita. They are going to town without Piret. Ma ei tahaks olla koduta. I wouldn’t want to be without a home. Exercise 1 Form the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives: huvitav (interesting), igav (dull, boring), ilus (beautiful), kaunis (pretty), kuulus (famous), paks (paksu: thick, fat), pilvine (cloudy), 106 Unit 10: Ilm ja aastaajad raske (difficult, heavy), suur (big), tuuline (windy), tähtis (tähtsa: important), uus (new), vaba (free). Exercise 2 Translate into Estonian: 1 If I had known that you were (= are) coming to Tallinn, I would have come to meet you (= vastu). 2 I would have liked to travel to Finland for the summer, but it’s already autumn. 3 If you had not invited us to visit, we would have gone to the seaside. 4 We would give a lot if we could talk with you ( pl. ). 5 It would not be autumn if it didn’t rain. 6 In Estonia the summer days are long and the winter days are short. 7 I’d like (= Paluksin) two coffees and a cream cake. Exercise 3 Here is a weather forecast for a day in early spring from an Estonian newspaper, translated into English. Translate it into Estonian. The vocabulary you will need is either in the passage above or in the glossary at the back of the book. Don’t forget that Estonian word order is freer than English, and that there is no future tense in Estonian; just use the present tense. Words expressing compass directions can often be combined as one word with the noun they qualify. There’s a flavour of Spring in the air 1 In the week that has begun (‘in the begun week’) low-pressure systems moving over the British Isles from the Atlantic are forming in the weather of Northern Europe. These will carry rainclouds in an easterly direction, where however the mountain range of Scandinavia will make an end to their rapid movement; few of them (vähesed) will pass over the mountains. Estonia will remain on the southeastern edge of the low-pressure systems and rainclouds will occasionally move over us. Southerly winds will carry warm air to us and 107 Postimees, 5. 3. 2007 (permission granted) 108 Unit 10: Ilm ja aastaajad although at the beginning of the week some snow and sleet may still fall, in the second half of the week the precipitation will come mainly as rain (vihmana). 2 Today the cloudiness will disperse. In northeast Estonia some light snow will come towards morning. Notes: 1 Partitive case of ‘flavour’, and in the text, use partitive where ‘some’ occurs in English. 2 This form will be explained in the next lesson. Revision: Units 6–10 Exercise 1 Put the nouns in brackets into the correct case: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ta ostis oma (poeg) (ülikond). Ta sai oma (mees) pika (kiri). Nad näitasid (üliõpilane) Tartut. Pange kõik kingid (laud)! Nad ootavad (pakk) oma (isa). Meie tuleme varsti (mägi) koju. Kui palju raha te (müüja) andsite? Exercise 2 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Do you drink coffee with milk or without milk? We went with a friend to look at the town. When did you get acquainted with her? We went by train to the country. The children went (= ‘stayed’) without lunch today. This room is without a bed. She came to us (= meie juurde) without shoes. Exercise 3 Translate the words in brackets using the appropriate case: 1 Nad sõitsid (to Rakvere for two weeks). 2 Juba (as a child) käis ta Soomes. Unit 10: Weather and the seasons 3 4 5 6 7 109 Mu vanemad tulid (for lunch) meile, ja jäid (until four o’clock). Ma vajan kingi (by Thursday). Tema naine oli riideäris (a saleswoman until last year). Lähme (for an hour) jalutama! Ta ennustab (for tomorrow) head ilma. Exercise 4 Put these sentences into the past tense: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Siin õpib palju üliõpilasi. Kas te juba pesete? Me käime linnas koolis. Kas õpilased kardavad seda õpetajat? Kas sa tõused täna hommikul vara? Millal te välja tulete? Kas sa ehitad uue maja? Exercise 5 Translate the following times into Estonian using words: 1 2 3 4 4. 13 2. 11 11. 10 5. 57 5 6. 38 6 10. 19 7 8. 30 Unit 11: Poes 11 Poes Shopping By the end of this unit you should: • know about the formation of the partitive plural • know how to form tag questions (‘won’t you? ’ ‘hasn’t he? ’, and so on) • know the declension of the pronoun ise ‘self’ (CD 2; 10) Kingi ostmas Tõnu and Paul have to return to Tallinn, but before they do they go shopping with Piret. Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Homme peame me tagasi Tallinna sõitma. Kas sa, Piret, tuleksid meiega poodi kaasa? Hea meelega. Mida te tahate osta? Ma ostaksin endale paari kingi. Lähme siis kingapoodi. The three go together to the shoe shop. Piret: Tõnu: Paul: Tõnu: Piret: Paul: Mis number kingi sa kannad? Ma ei ole päris kindel. Su number võiks olla ehk nelikümmend, aga sul on lai jalg. Võib-olla need kingad sobivad mulle. Ära neid proovigi! Need on liiga kitsad. Aga kahjuks ei ole neil laiemaid musti kingi. Need pruunid on laiemad. Need peaksid sulle sobima. Proovi neid. 5/30/08, 16:51 Unit 11: Shopping 111 Tõnu: Jah, need on parajad. Kui palju need maksavad? Müüja: Kolmkümmend kaheksa eurot. Vocabulary pood, poe soovima päris kandma täpne, -se ehk shop, store wish completely, absolutely (here:) wear exact perhaps lai, -a proovima kitsas, kitsa kahju, – kahjuks paras, paraja broad, wide test, try (on) narrow, tight harm, damage unfortunately suitable, fitting, right Forms of the partitive plural We learned something about the forms of the partitive singular of nouns in Unit 3. You have now met the partitive plural forms of the noun on several occasions, including the dialogue above, and you will have seen that they can take several different forms. The partitive plural ending is one of the more difficult to predict or identify, so it may be of some use here to summarize its characteristic endings: -i -e -u (king > kingi) (särk > särke) (vana > vanu) -(a)id (ilus > ilusaid) -si (üliõpilane > üliõpilasi) -sid (pidu > pidusid) There are very complex rules for ascertaining what the partitive plural ending of any noun will be, but you should not be expected to learn these rules by heart. Some words even have two alternative partitive plural forms, such as kool: koole or koolisid. Where there are two forms, the shorter one is usually preferred. These rules are set out here as a summary: 1 If the first vowel (or diphthong) of the stem is a, ei or äi and the genitive singular ends in -a (such as vana), then the partitive plural ending will be -u (vanu). 2 If the first vowel of the stem is not one of the above and the genitive singular ends in -a (such as korra, nom. kord), then the partitive plural ending will be -i (kordi). 112 Unit 11: Poes 3 Otherwise the first vowel of the stem is irrelevant. If the genitive singular ends in -e (keele, nom. keel), then the partitive plural ending will be -i (keeli). 4 If the genitive singular ends in -i (reisi, nom. reis), then the partitive plural ending will be -e (reise). 5 If the genitive singular ends in -u (arvu, nom. arv), then the partitive plural ending will be -e (arve). The above rules apply to most of the nouns which have two syllables in the genitive singular. But the complexities don’t end here! As you will see from the forms korra and kordi, consonant grades also have to be taken into account. Additionally, the question of whether other nouns will take -(a)id, -si or -sid is subject to even more complex rules, which it would be pointless to go into here. But as a general rule, the form of the genitive singular will help you to guess the partitive plural form. The partitive plural is used: 1 To express quantity: palju inimesi ‘a lot of people’ (inimene, inimese ‘person’). 2 ‘Some’, ‘any’: Kahjuks pole meil musti kingi ‘Unfortunately we don’t have any black shoes’; meil on ilusaid kindaid ‘we have beautiful gloves’. 3 ‘One of’: see on üks kaunimaid maid ‘this is one of the most beautiful countries’. 4 What is perceived as the ‘partial object’: Palun andke mulle ka särke ‘Please give me some shirts too’. The partial object may be: 1 The object of any verb in the negative (for example: ma ei leia oma kindaid ‘I can’t find my gloves’; leida find). 2 An uncountable or indefinite object or substance (for example: me peame kohe kingi ostma ‘we have to buy (some) shoes straight away’. 3 The object of certain verbs that are considered as processes rather than momentary actions (often corresponding to the English progressive form that ends in -ing) (for example: nad kandsid raskeid pakke ‘they were carrying heavy packages’). 4 The object of a verb of feeling or perceiving (for example: ma nägin oma sõpru kohvikus ‘I saw my friends in the café’). Note that the partitive plural form of the comparative adjective ends in -aid: nendel ei ole laiemaid ‘they don’t have any wider ones’. 113 ‘Also/too’ We already know that ka means ‘also’. There is another way of expressing much the same idea in Estonian: by using the particle -gi/ -ki. This particle can be added to virtually any word to add further emphasis: here we find it added to minul. Minulgi on thus means ‘I also have’. (We could also say minul ongi, but that would mean ‘I do have’, adding emphasis to the word to which it is attached. ) In negative sentences, -gi/-ki carries the sense of ‘not even’ or ‘not... either’. Look at these examples: Temal ongi auto. He does have a car (after all). Temal on autogi. He has a car as well. Temalgi on auto. Even he has a car. Temal ei olegi auto. He doesn’t have a car (after all). But there is a special word ega for ‘nor’ which is used to negate a whole clause: Nor does he have a car/And he doesn’t have a car either. Ega temal ole auto. The rules for whether it takes the form -gi or -ki are not the same as those for the second person singular imperative -ge/-ke above. It takes the form -ki when the letter preceding the ending is g, b, d, k, p, t, s, h, f or sˇ; in all other cases it is -gi. ‘Don’t even... ’ In the dialogue, Piret exclaims Ära neid proovigi! ‘Don’t even try them on! ’ Note how the emphatic ending -gi/-ki can be used in the negative imperative to mean ‘don’t even’. (CD 2; 11) Teistes poodides They visit some other shops. Piret: Paul: Ma pean ka apteeki minema, ja seejärel pagari juurde. Kas tulete koos minuga? Jah, hea meelega tulen. Mida me pagariärist toome? 114 Unit 11: Poes Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Paul: Ma mõtlesin, et oleks tore, kui ostaksin tordi. Kas viime tordi koju? Jah, ja selle juurde joome teed või kohvi, eks ole? Hea küll, aga lähme koju alles siis, kui oleme kõik ostud teinud. Tõnu: Ma tahaksin ka raamatupoes käia. Olen kuulnud, et siin Tartus on häid raamatupoode. Piret: Käime siis ka seal. Selle kõrval on õnneks hea riidekauplus. Võib-olla ma leian sealt endale mingi seeliku, eks ole? Vocabulary apteek, -teegi chemist’s shop seejärel after that pagar, -i baker tort, tordi eks ole? kaup, kauba cake isn’t that so? commodity, item (of goods) Tag questions Jah, ja selle juurde joome teed või kohvi, eks ole? Yes, and we’ll drink tea or coffee with it, won’t we? These questions are actually statements that have been turned into questions by the addition of little phrases which we call tag questions. The phrase eks ole is rather like English tag questions of the type ‘isn’t it? ’, ‘don’t you? ’, ‘hasn’t she? ’ It can also be shortened to merely eks. We use it when we are expecting agreement. Te laulate, eks ole? You sing, don’t you? Ta kannab ilusaid riideid, eks? She wears nice clothes, doesn’t she? Teie vanemad elavad veel, eks ole? Your parents are still alive, aren’t they? Note also the common phrase eks me näe ‘we shall see’. Oblique cases of ise: ‘self’ Võib-olla ma leian sealt endale mingi seeliku. Perhaps I’ll be able to choose a skirt for myself. 115 The pronoun ise ‘self’ is very irregular in that it has the genitive form enda (and the partitive form end) and the other cases are based on this stem. Look at these examples: See on minu oma raamat. This is my own book. (I own it) See on minu enda raamat. This is my own book. (I wrote it myself. ) I’m buying myself a new car. Ostan endale uue auto. Ise can even be prefixed to its own oblique forms, as iseend, iseenda and so on: Räägi midagi iseendast! Tell (me) something about yourself! Exercise 1 See if you can work out the correct partitive plural form which you substitute for the noun in the following sentences. 1 Meil on täna palju õunu. (muna egg) (hernes pea) (kook cake) See pood müüb sokke. (kinnas glove) (sall scarf) (särk shirt) Kas teil on suuri kaubamaju? (must king black shoe) (vana kirik old church) (ilus park beautiful park) Selles linnas on palju ärisid. (kohvik café) (raamatukogu library) (maja house) Kus ma võiksin osta toole? (kohver suitcase) (puuvili fruit) (aluspüksid underpants) Exercise 2 Change the singular negative imperative in the commands below to the plural form. Example: Ära osta/Ärge ostke seda kleiti! 1 2 3 4 – – – – Don’t buy that dress! osta neid kingi! tee vigu! (make mistakes) vii hommikusööki voodisse! (take breakfast to bed) karda! (be afraid) 116 Unit 11: Poes 5 – pane raamatut toolile! 6 – õmble endale uut kleiti! 7 – unusta oma raha lauale! (forget your money on the table) Exercise 3 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Buy yourself some new clothes! She said nothing about herself. They think only of themselves. Can’t you help yourself? We ourselves know very little about our own country. He wrote it himself. Exercise 4 Translate into English: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Te tulete homme, eks ole? Me läheme varsti koju, eks ole? Me läheme koju, eks ole? Sul on ainult natuke raha, eks ole? Autobuss väljub kell pool kümme, eks ole? Sa käisid juba kaupluses, eks ole? Exercise 5 Put in the partitive plural: Piret ja Paul ostsid: kaks kilo (kartul) pool kilo (porgand) kolmsada grammi (õuna) kakssada grammi (maasikas) pool kilo (tomat) The history of Tallinn Here is a table of important events in the history of the Estonian capital. You will find the new vocabulary in the glossary at the back of the book. 117 Tallinna soodus asend ida-lääne vahelise kaubatee ääres tähtsa sadamalinna ja kaubitsemiskohana on ligi meelitanud nii taani, rootsi, saksa, poola kui ka vene võimukandjaid. Pidevas võimuvõitluses ongi kujunenud linna ajalugu. Tallinna ajalugu 1154 1219 1227 1238 1248 1280 1346 1433 1561 1570– 1577 1710 1905 1916 1917 1918 1924 1940 1941 1944 1980 1991 Tallinna esimene kirjalik mainimine araabia geograafi alIdrisi poolt Taani väed vallutavad Tallinna haarab võimu Mõõgavendade Ordu Stensby lepingu põhjal läheb Tallinn taas Taanile Taani kuningas Erik IV Adraraha annab linnale Lüübeki õiguse Tallinn astub Hansa linnade liidu liikmeks ajendatuna Jüriöö ülestõusust müüb Taani 19. 000 hõbemarga eest Tallinna Saksa Ordule, kes omakorda pandib valduse 20. 000 hõbemarga eest Liivi Ordule põleb linn maha, mis järel puumajade ehita mine linnas on keelatud Tallinn vannub truudust Rootsi kuningale Eerik XVI Liivi sõja käigus piiravad vene ja poola väed Tallinna mitmeid kordi alistub Tallinn Põhjasõja käigus vene vägedele revolutsioonilised sündmused ja meeleavaldus Uuel turul, kus tsaari sõjaväelased avavad rahvahulga pihta püssitule, surma saab 94 inimest eesti rahvas hakkab püüdlema iseseisvumise poole, toimuvad Maanõukogu valimised novembris läheb võim enamlastele enamlased lahkuvad vene sõjalaevadega Kroonlinna, 24. veebruaril sünnib Eesti Vabariik enamlased teevad 24. detsembril katse taas haarata võimu, kuid ülestõus ebaõnnestub 21. juunil, toetudes Nõukogude Liidu sõjaväebaasidele, võtavad võimu enamlased Tallinnast saab Saksamaa idaprovintsi keskus 9. märtsi pommitamine Nõukogude Liidu lennuväe poolt hävitab peaaegu poole linna hoonestusest; 22. septembril vallutavad Tallinna Nõukogude Liidu väed toimub Tallinnas Moskva olümpiamängude purjeregatt 20. augustil Eesti Vabariigi taasiseseisvumine 118 Exercise 6 Write out in Estonian words the year when: 1 2 3 4 5 Danish forces overran Tallinn The town burned to the ground Tallinn succumbed to Russian forces in the Great Northern War Soviet forces conquered Tallinn The Estonian Republic was proclaimed (both dates) Unit 12: Working life 12 Tööelu Working life By the end of this unit you should be able to: • • • • learn about working life create nouns from verbs for ‘doers’ of actions form some adjectives from nouns read and understand some classified advertisements (CD 2; 12) Elukutsetest Paul is curious to learn more about Piret’s university life and her plans. Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: Mis sinust saab, kui sa ülikooli lõpetad? Ma kindlalt ei tea, aga tõenäoliselt saab minust keskkooli emakeele õpetaja, sest ma õpin eesti keelt ja kirjandust. Peale lõpetamist ma tahaksin töötada näiteks tõlgina või ajakirjanikuna. Ja millised teaduskonnad peale filosoofia teaduskonna veel Tartu Ülikoolis on? Ülikool valmistab ette arste, kes õpivad arstiteaduskonnas, juriste, ajaloolasi, majandusteadlasi ja mitmete teiste alade spetsialiste. Vocabulary saama lõpetama become (+ elat. ) tõenäoline, -lise end, finish, complete, kirjandus, -e graduate tõlk, tõlgi probable, likely literature interpreter 120 Unit 12: Tööelu kirjanik, -u ajakirjanik, -u milline, -lise teadus, -e teaduskond, -konna ette valmistama ette valmistama writer journalist what (kind of) science, learning faculty forward, in advance prepare prepare in advance, train jurist, -i ajalugu, -loo ajaloolane, -lase majandus, -e majandusteadlane, -lase mitu, mitme ala, – spetsialist, -i lawyer, jurist history historian economy economist several field, area specialist Occupations Minust saab õpetaja. I shall become a teacher. A number of names of occupations are formed from verbs by adding the suffix -ja to the stem of the -ma infinitive. Thus in this passage we find, for example, õpetaja ‘teacher’ from õpetama ‘teach’; and näitleja ‘actor’ from näitlema (näidelda) ‘act’. But there are other endings too: for example, -nik in kirjanik ‘writer’, ‘author’; -ur in lendur ‘flier’, ‘pilot’; and -lane in ajaloolane ‘historian’; and so on. From amet ‘office’, ‘profession’ we get ametnik ‘official’. To ‘become’ a holder of a particular occupation we use the verb saada: Minust saab ajakirjanik. I shall become a journalist. Temast sai lendur. He became a pilot. Sinust saab õpetaja. You are to become a teacher. Adjectives formed from nouns Mul on kaheksatunnine tööpäev. I have an eight-hour working day. As we saw in Unit 9, adjectives that are formed from nouns usually take a characteristic ending such as -ne or a variation of it, based on the genitive stem, such as -line: 121 See oli revolutsiooniline sündmus. It was a revolutionary event. Ta pidas tulise kõne. (gen. /acc. ) He made a fiery speech. Meil oli eile päikesepaisteline päev. We had a sunny day yesterday. The essive case As what does your father work? He works as an engineer. Kellena su isa töötab? Ta töötab insenerina. The essive case is another of those cases which add an ending to the genitive stem; in this case the ending is -na. The essive case denotes the capacity in which the subject acts, and is often translated by ‘as’ in English. Further examples: Mu ema töötas õpetajana. My mother worked as a teacher. Ma tunnen Tartut ülikoolilinnana. I know Tartu as a university town. Lapsena ma tahtsin saada lenduriks. As a child I wanted to become a pilot. From the last example you will also see that the essive case is used for states of ‘being’ – what someone or something actually is – but not of ‘becoming’ – a change of state; verbs of ‘becoming’, like saada, take the translative case (-ks), or the elative and nominative cases in the way shown in ‘Occupations’ above. (CD 2; 13) Pireti plaanid õpetajana Paul wants to know why Piret chose to become a teacher. Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: Aga miks sa tahad õpetajana töötada? Kui ma päris pisike olin, juba siis meeldis mulle üle kõige õpetaja amet. Ja mu ema töötas õpetajana. Kellena su isa töötab? Ta on ehitusinsener. See amet ei huvitanud mind nii väga. Muidugi olen vahel unistanud muudest ametitest, näiteks sellest, et võiksin olla kuulus kirjanik või näitleja. Millisest elukutsest oled sina unistanud? 122 Unit 12: Tööelu Paul: Sa ära naera, aga noorena tahtsin saada lenduriks. Hiljem mõtlesin ka muudele ametitele, tahtsin, näiteks, insenerina leiba teenida. Räägi mulle, Piret, tulevane õpetaja, millised on sinu töötingimused? Mul on kaheksatunnine tööpäev, aga suvepuhkus on pikem kui teistel ametikohtadel. Kas sa tead, milline võiks olla su palk? Palk sõltub staazˇist, haridusest, tundide arvust ja tervest reast muudest tingimustest. Vocabulary miks pisike(ne), -kese üle amet, -i ehitus, -e insener, -i seesugune, -suguse vahe, – vahel unistama näitlema why little, small näitleja, – kutse, – elukutse, – naerma, naeran above, over ( prep. ) lendur, -i profession building, construction tulev, -a palk, palga engineer staazˇ, -i such, that kind of haridus, -e arv, -u gap, interval rida, rea at times, sometimes muu, – (day-)dream tingimus, -e act actor calling vocation laugh flier, pilot coming, future salary, wage length of service education number, quantity range, series, row other condition The negative of the past tense See amet huvitas mind. That profession interested me. Seesugune amet ei huvitanud mind. That kind of profession did not interest me. We tackled the past tense of the verb in Unit 3 (‘Past tense of the verb’). To put the past tense of an active verb into its negative form, we place the negative particle ei before the past participle of the verb, which ends, as we know, in -nud. As with all negative constructions, if the verb has an object it will appear in the partitive case: 123 Ma kirjutasin kirja. ) I wrote the letter. Ma ei kirjutanud kirja. ( part. ) I didn’t write the letter. Ma ostsin lehe. ) I bought the paper. Ma ei ostnud lehte. ) I didn’t buy the paper. Exercise 1 Translate into Estonian (leaving out the words in parentheses): 1 What did you want to become (when you were) young? 2 I wanted to be a rich actor and work a three-day week. And what did you want to be? 3 I wanted to be a teacher with a three-hour working day. 4 What do you want to study? 5 I want to study (to become) an engineer. (CD 2; 14) Make these sentences negative: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ma tahtsin seda sööki süüa. Me läksime kauplusse. Sa olid noorena väga ilus. Vihm meeldis mulle. Kas te sõitsite rongiga Venemaale? [to Russia] Ülikoolis õppis ta majandusteadust. Ma panin raha taskusse. Teie palk sõltus haridusest. Exercise 3 Form nouns from the verbs listed below on the following pattern: näitlema, näidelda (act) näitleja (actor) müüma, müüa (sell); laulma, laulda (sing); teenima, teenida (serve); sõitma, sõita (travel); jooksma, joosta (run); armastama, armastada (love); tõlkima, tõlkida (translate). Language in use The classified advertisements reproduced here are taken from a national daily newspaper. Using the glossary at the end of the book, find out from it the answers to the questions below. 124 Unit 12: Tööelu 125 1 Who should write to an address in Canada? 2 To whom does ‘Eesti Kontsert’ address its announcement and what can it offer? 3 What instruments can you hear played in the Niguliste church? 4 How many rooms are there in the co-operatively owned (‘koop. ’ = kooperatiivne) flat that is for sale in Mustamäe? 5 What kind of parquet flooring is for sale? 6 What else is for sale from the vendors of a colour television set? 7 What qualifications (and gender! ) are required for a job at ‘Eesti Energia’? 8 And what qualification for a job at the paper itself? 9 What was stolen (= varastati) on an impossible date? 10 How often can you fly to Tunisia and what do you get for the cost of your holiday? 11 On what conditions can you play tennis with a 17-year old girl? 12 Expert assistance is needed for what? 13 Who is having a birthday? Nowadays many Estonians seek jobs on the Internet. These services are offered by a typical Estonian website for job-seekers and employers offering jobs. Look at the lists below and see how much you understand. CV Keskuse Kuumad pakkumised! Klikka pildil või vaata kõiki >> Kasutajanimi ……………. Salasõna ………………... >> Unustasid salasõna? Otsing …………………… >> CV KESKUS TÖÖOTSIJA >>> Tasuta kasutajaks Tööpakkumised Kevadised pakkumised CV koostamine Karjäärikeskus 5 sammu CV TÖÖPAKKUJA >>> Tasuta kasutajaks Teenused Töötaja otsing Tööturu aastasündmus Värbamiskeskus Kuldtähe teenus Pluss tööpakkumised + + + + + + müügijuht Müügiassistent Tootmisoperaator puidutööline secretär-asjaajaja Autolukksepp Suvel 䊊 et 䊊 et 䊊 et 䊊 et 䊊 et külastan tööportaali: leida meeldivat suvetööd vaadata sügiseks uus töökoht osaleda põnevates kampaaniates hoida end kursis lieda unistuste töökoht Tulemused Tööpakkumisi 2468 Vasta Premium CV-d + + + + + Päike teotahteline kokapoiss Klienditeenindaja Müügiesindaja või IT... Kiire õppija ja hea t... Tööotsijaid 189961 Tööpakkumiste TOP3: 䉬 Müügisekretä … 䉬 Komplekteeri … 䉬 sekretär-asj … Kandideerimisu kuss: 29492 Hetkel lehel 1166 külastajat >> Unit 13: Kodune elu 13 Kodune elu Home life use the words for family relations recognize and use the participle -mas use case endings with place names recognize and use more postpositions and prepositions (CD 2; 15) Perekondade võrdlemine Paul and Piret are comparing notes about their families. Paul: Piret: Ma olen kohanud su Tartu-sugulasi, aga kui ma õigesti mäletan, on sul ka mujal sugulasi. On küll. Mu venna Lembitu perekond elab Tallinnas, Mustamäel. Neil on seal korter uues majas. Ta töötab instituudis õppejõuna, ja tema abikaasa linda on hambaarst. Kas neil lapsi on? Neil on kaks last, poeg Vello ja tütar Ülle. Vello on neli aastat vana, ja Ülle – ma ei ole päris kindel, aga umbes kuueaastane. Kui sageli sa nende pool käid? Mitte nii sageli, kui ma tahaksin. Kui ma Tallinnas olen, käin ma küll nende juures paar korda nädalas. Aga sina? On sul ainult üks vend? Mul on ka õde, Emily, kes abiellus möödunud aastal. Ta abikaasa nimi on Tom. Neil sündis hiljuti poeg. Kus nad elavad? 5/30/08, 16:52 Unit 13: Home life Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: Paul: 127 Nad elavad Brightonis. Nad kolisid sinna alles sel aastal, kolm kuud tagasi. Tomil on Brightonis ema, kes elab koos teiste sugulastega. Ja Emily elab ämmaga? Jah, praegu küll ämmaga ja äiaga. Aga nad elavad üksmeelselt ja sõbralikult. Sul pole sugulasi siin Eestis? Mitte sugulasi, aga mul on sõpru, üks perekond, kelle juures ma käin sageli. Nad elavad Tapa lähedal. Suviti sõidame kõik koos nende suvilasse. Kas nende suvila on nii suur, et kogu perekond mahub ära? On küll, ja peale suvila on neil saun. Neil käib tihti sõpru külas, töökaaslasi ka. Ma olen igal aastal käinud seal sügisel Emilyga seeni ja marju korjamas. Vocabulary meet remember correct elsewhere, somewhere else Lembit, Lembitu (masculine name) instituut, -tuudi institute õppejõud, -jõu lecturer, teacher, instructor abikaasa, – spouse, husband, wife hammas, hamba tooth hambaarst, -i dentist õde, õe sister mitte not (without a verb) abielluma marry mööduma pass möödunud past, last hiljuti lately, recently kohtama mäletama õige, – mujal kolima kuu, – ämm, -a parajasti üksmeelne, -meelse sõbralik, -u mahtuma, mahun peale saun, -a külas töökaaslane, -lase seen, -e mari, marja korjama move (residence) moon, month mother-in-law just now, at present harmonious friendly, amicable fit in as well as bath-house, sauna visiting workmate, colleague mushroom berry gather, collect, pick 128 Place names and local case endings Mu venna perekond elab Tallinnas, Mustamäel. My brother’s family lives in Tallinn, at Mustamäe. Just as two different prepositions, ‘in’ and ‘at’, are used in the English version of the sentence above, so there is variation in the case endings used with place names in Estonian. As in English, the reasons for the use of different forms are rather subtle. We should remember that the cases indicating location in Estonian can be divided into two broad groups, which some grammarians call the ‘inner local’ and the ‘outer local’ cases: Inner local Outer local Inessive -s Adessive -l Elative -st Ablative -lt Illative (long form) -sse Allative -le Generally it is the inner local cases that are used with place names, but there are exceptions. Often a place name will take the outer local forms because it refers to some geographical feature that makes these forms appropriate: if you know that Mustamäe means ‘Black Hill’, for instance, then you will more readily understand the reason: after all, in English we would say ‘on the black hill’ rather than ‘in’ it. Indeclinable participles Mu õde abiellus möödunud aastal. My sister got married last year. Note that the word möödunud ‘past’, ‘last’ is actually the past participle of the verb mööduma ‘pass’, and therefore we might expect it to be declinable like an adjective. In fact, though, past participles do not change in form to agree with the noun they qualify. By contrast, if we were to say ‘My sister is getting married next year’, the word for ‘next’, tulev, is declined, because present participles (ending in -(e)v) are declinable like any other adjective: Mu õde abiellub tuleval aastal. My sister will marry next year. Unit 13: Home life 129 The present continuous participle -mas I have been there picking mushrooms and berries. Ma olen käinud seal seeni ja marju korjamas. The participle -mas (which is simply the -ma infinitive plus the inessive case -s), is used as a kind of present participle in Estonian, like ‘-ing’ in English. It always refers to an action taking place at the same time as the action of the main verb: Terve perekond oli laua ääres söömas. The whole family was at the table eating. Minu tädi käis Eestis sugulasi külastamas. My aunt visited her relatives in Estonia. Ta oli kaupluses, toitu ostmas. She was in the shop buying food. Loodan, et ta on juba tulemas. I hope she is already coming. Kinship: family relations Here is a list of some of the more important family relations. isa, – ema, – poeg, poja tütar, tütre ämm, -a vanaema, – äi, -a father mother son daughter mother-in-law grandmother father-in-law vanaisa, – onu, – tädi, – väimees, -mehe minia, – vend, venna õde, õe grandfather uncle aunt son-in-law daughter-in-law brother sister Peale Peale suvila on neil saun. As well as the summer cottage they have a sauna. Peale is a really useful word in Estonian. Its basic meaning is ‘on’ or ‘onto’, as it derives from the stem pea ‘head’ + -le ‘to’. This word has several meanings, depending on whether it is a preposition (as in the example above), a postposition or an adverb. Here are some examples to illustrate the variation in meaning: 130 Unit 13: Kodune elu Adverb: võtke mind peale ‘give me a lift’/‘take me aboard ’ peale hakkama ‘make a start’ peale käima ‘insist’ tulge peale ‘come on! ’ Postposition: eilsest peale ‘since yesterday’ laua peale ‘on(to) the table’ Preposition: peale selle ‘besides’ kõik peale minu ‘all except me’ peale lõunat ‘after noon’ Which of the several meanings of peale is intended is usually evident from the context. Postpositions, prepositions and cases: a general review We have already seen that postpositions are quite common in Estonian, and prepositions less so. We also know that each of these words governs a particular case of the noun to which they refer. Postpositions and prepositions can have reference to place, time, cause or manner. Let us look at some examples. Postpositions generally take the genitive case: voodi (to) underneath the bed under the bed from under the bed alla all alt 131 laua peale peal pealt onto the table on the table from (the surface of) the table maja juurde juures juurest (up) to the house at the house from the house auto kõrvale kõrval kõrvalt (to) beside the car beside the car from beside the car jõe äärde ääres äärest to the edge of the river by the river from the edge of the river linna lähedale (to) near the town lähedal near the town lähedalt from near the town hoone ette ees eest to the front of the building in front of the building from the front of the building kooli taha taga tagant (to) behind/the back of the school behind the school from behind the school Prepositions are generally used with the partitive case: enne sööki vastu tuult piki kallast keset järve before a meal-time against the wind along the shore in the middle of the lake But a couple of prepositions do use the genitive: läbi metsa üle silla through the forest over the bridge These prepositions and postpositions should not be confused with ‘adverbs of direction’, which we will look at in the next unit and which do not govern any case. Exercise 1 Translate into Estonian: 132 Unit 13: Kodune elu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 My uncle Vello was standing in front of the school. A couple of cats were sleeping under the table. I took my case from under the bed before the journey. In the middle of the town there is a small church. Near that small church I met my sister’s husband. Before Wednesday I want to travel to Helsinki. Beside the railway station is a bus stop. The two friends walked together along the shore. Your aunt is coming over the bridge by bus. Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks: Paul on _______(1) Pireti Tartu-sugulasi, aga _______(2) on sugulasi ka mujal. Ta _______(3) Lembitu perekond elab _______(4), Mustamäel. Lembit töötab _______(5) õppejõuna, aga ta _______(6) Linda on hambaarst. Neil on kaks last, _______(7) Vello ja _______(8) Ülle. Piret ei _______(9) nende _______(10) nii sageli kui ta _______(11). Kui ta Tallinnas _______, (12) käib ta nende _______(13) paar korda _______(14). Pauli õde abiellus _______(15) aastal. Pauli _______(16) abikaasa nimi on Tom. _______(17) sündis hiljuti poeg. Perekond elab Brightonis, _______(18) nad kolisid alles _______(19) aastal, kolm kuud _______(20). Tom _______(21) elab koos _______(22) sugulastega. Pauli _______(23) ema on tema õe _______(24). Nad elavad _______(25) ja sõbralikult. Suvel sõidavad tema sõbrad _______(26) suvilasse. Kogu perekond _______(27) suvilasse. _______(28) suvila on _______(29) ka saun. _______(30) sõbrad ja töökaaslased _______(31) neil külas. Paul on _______(32) aastal käinud seal koos _______, (33) seeni ja marju _______s (34). Exercise 3 Make a list of your own relatives using the list given above, on the pattern Minu venna nimi on Peeter. Exercise 4 Translate into Estonian: Unit 13: Home life 1 2 3 4 5 133 They were all playing and singing in the hall. My uncle is sick and I think he is dying. A whole new generation (= põlvkond) is growing up in free Estonia. He is at present (= praegu) visiting Finland. He went to Estonia to learn (= learning) Estonian. Language in use Overleaf is a map of Europe with the names of the countries marked in Estonian. Note that Holland is also known as Madalmaad; Croatia is also known as Horvaatia. Study the map and choose ten countries from it, writing a sentence about five of each of them on these patterns: Soomest pärit inimene on soomlane. A person who comes (= ‘is of origin’) from Finland is a Finn. Itaallane räägib itaalia keelt. An Italian speaks (the) Italian language. Useful extra vocabulary Here are some other important geographical/geopolitical names: Euroopa Liit European Union Ameerika Ühendriigid United States of America Austraalia Australia Kanada Canada Exercise 5 See if you can answer these questions about yourself, using as much geographical vocabulary as you can, and using full sentences. 1 2 3 4 Kus te olete käinud välismaal puhkusel? Kus teil on sugulasi välismaal? Kus te olete käinud välismaal ärireisil? Peale Eesti, mitu maad on Euroopa Liidu liikmed? 134 ISLAND 0 500 km SOOME NORRA SOTIMAA PÖHJAIIRIMAA WALES S U U R B R I TA N N I A IIRIMAA ROOTSI VENEMAA EESTI LÄTI TAANI LEEDU INGLISMAA VALGEVENE HOLLAND BELGIA POOLA SAKSAMAA › UKRAINA TSEHHIMAA PRANTSUSMAA SLOVAKKIA SVEITS AUSTRIA UNGARI RUMEENIA HORVAATIA BULGARIA HISPAANIA PO RT U GA L SLOVEENIA Unit 14: Sailing 14 Meresõit Sailing By the end of this unit you should: • know more about postpositions • know about the use of verbs with adverbs of direction • know how to decline foreign names (CD 2; 16) Pauli ettepanek While in Tartu, Paul has had a bright idea that he hopes will appeal to Piret. Paul: Piret! Ma olen juba mitu päeva mõelnud väikese meresõidu peale. Kas sa tahad sel pühapäeval Tallinna tulla? Lähme teeme Pirital väikese meresõidu! Piret: Hea küll! Aga ma ootan järgmiseks nädalaks külalist, oma vana kirjasõpra Ellenit Ameerikast. Kindlasti pole ta Tallinna veel mere poolt näinud. Kas tema võiks tulla kaasa? Paul: Muidugi, Ellen mahub ka paati! Lähme siis pühapäeval keskpäeva paiku. Piret: Aga Tõnu, kas sa tuled ka kaasa? Tõnu: Kahjuks ei. Ma olen juba lubanud oma õele, et lähen tema poole. 136 Unit 14: Meresõit Vocabulary mitu, mitme mõtlema lähme Pirita kiri, kirja several, some intend let’s leave/go marine resort in Tallinn letter kirjasõber, sõbra poolt ( postp. ) keskpäev, -a paiku ( postp. ) külaline, -lise pen-friend from the direction of noon, midday about guest More postpositions Lähme siis pühapäeval keskpäeva paiku. We’ll leave on Sunday at about midday then. Ma ei ole Tallinna veel mere poolt näinud. I still haven’t seen Tallinn from the sea. Note the special construction using paiku to express an approximate time: keskpäeva paiku ‘about midday’, ühe paiku ‘about one’, kesköö paiku ‘about midnight’ and so on. There is a set of postpositions, poolel, poole, poolt (derived from pool ‘half’, ‘side’), generally referring to ‘direction of’: Meie aknad on tänava poole. Our windows face the street. Ma käisin täna onu pool külas. I visited my uncle’s (place) today. Nad hääletasid presidendi poolt. They voted for the president. The following sentence shows some uses of the word pool: Ma pean kell pool kuus sõbra pool olema, aga enne seda pean ma poes käima ja homseks pool kilo juustu ostma. I have to be at a friend’s place at half past five, but before that I have to go to the shop and buy half a kilo of cheese for tomorrow. (CD 2; 17) Meresõit Tallinna lahel The following Sunday, Paul, Ellen and Piret set off in a small boat from Pirita. Piret’s Estonian-American pen-friend Ellen has learned Estonian but has never visited the country before. Unit 14: Sailing Paul: Piret: Paul: Ellen: Piret: Ellen: Piret: Paul: Piret: Paul: Ellen: 137 Mere poolt on Tallinn tõesti ilus, eks ole? On küll, ja ma näen palju ehitisi, mida ma hästi tunnen. See kõrge torn on kindlasti Oleviste kirik. Jah, selle tunneb kergesti ära. Mu isa ütles mulle, et see oli tema noorusajal kõige kõrgem ehitis Tallinnas. Enam ei ole! Nüüd on Radisson või Eesti Ühispanga hoone veel kõrgem! Kas näed? Jah, näen küll. Ja Vanalinnas näen ma Pika Hermanni torni. Selle taga asub Toompea, kus asub riigi valitsus. Kohe möödume Kadrioru pargist. See on küll ilus, aga mu süda hakkab pahaks minema. Kas sa jääd merehaigeks? Paat kõigub tugevasti. Aga õnneks oleme varsti kohal. Jah, nüüd ma näen juba Pirita jõge, ja selle kaldal Pirita kloostri varemeid. Tallinna rannikuala on tõesti erinev New Yorgi sadamast! Vocabulary tõesti kõrge, – torn, -i riik, riigi valitsus, -e kirik, -u ära tundma noorus, -e Kadriorg, -oru park, pargi süda, -me süda läheb pahaks halb, halva jääma haige, – merehaige, – really high, tall tower state government church recognize youth park in Tallinn park heart I feel sick bad, ill (here:) get, become sick, ill seasick laev, -a kõikuma, kõigun kõva, – õnn, -e õnneks koht, koha jõgi, jõe kallas, kalda klooster, -tri vare, -me rannik, -u rannikuala, – erinev, -a sadam, -a ship, vessel rock, sway hard, strong happiness, luck fortunately place, spot, destination river, stream bank, shore monastery, convent ruin coast coastal area different harbour 138 Verbs used with adverbs Selle tunneb kergesti ära. One/You can recognize it easily. The meanings of some verbs are considerably changed by adding adverbs such as ära, which we have already met and which in itself means ‘away, off ’. In the above example the addition of ära after tundma ‘know’ changes its meaning to ‘recognize’. There are many more examples of these compound verb structures, which do not correspond literally to their English meanings. Notice that they nearly always come at the end of the clause or sentence: Me sõidame homme ära. We’re leaving tomorrow. Millal sa mu kirja kätte said? When did you get my letter (lit. : ‘into your hand’)? Buss jõuab kell üks pärale. The bus arrives at one o’clock. Küsi tema käest! Inquire from him! Ma õmblen su särgile nööbi ette. I’m sewing a button onto your shirt. (nööp, nööbi = button) Käime linnas ringi. We’ll go and see the town. Saadan ära kaks kirja. I’m sending off two letters. Me läheme nüüd välja. We’re going out now. Ma jätan suitsetamise maha. I’m giving up smoking. There are also many other instances which do correspond closely with English usage; these include adverbs such as tagasi ‘back (again)’, läbi ‘through’, mööda ‘past’, taha ‘back’, ‘behind’, üles ‘up’, ümber ‘around’ and so on. Subjectless clauses Looking again at the example at the beginning of the chapter, Selle tunneb kergesti ära, we see that the verb has only an object, selle, but no subject. These ‘subjectless’ constructions are quite common in Estonian, and the implied subject is ‘one’ or ‘you’ in general: 139 Riideid võib praegu odavalt osta. You can buy clothes cheaply now. (odav, odava = cheap) One sees these kinds of boats everywhere. (paat, paadi = boat; kõikjal = everywhere) Seesuguseid paate näeb kõikjal. Declension of foreign names Tallinna rannikuala on tõesti erinev New Yorgi sadamast. The Tallinn coastal area is really different from New York harbour. The treatment of foreign personal and place names in Estonian needs special care. Whereas native Estonian names tend to follow the declension patterns of other nouns and adjectives (though even some of these will seem unpredictable! ), the conventions for declining foreign names are somewhat different. If the foreign name ends in a vowel that is not actually indicated in spelling, such as Bordeaux, Versailles, its genitive form will be -’, the apostrophe being inserted to indicate that foreign pronunciation rules apply. The same even applies to a name like Sydney, whose final letter, -y, is not used in Estonian. In such cases the partitive form will be -’d. When the reverse applies, with a final vowel in writing but not in speech, as in ‘Shakespeare’, the genitive will be -’i, and so will the partitive. If, however, the foreign name ends in a consonant which in Estonian is subject to gradation, then the name must be subject to the same sound changes as Estonian words are: New York > New Yorgi, Frankfurt > Frankfurdi, and so on. Note that some place names of importance to Estonia have their own Estonian versions anyway: Helsingi, Riia, Rooma, Berliin and several others. If the foreign name ends in a vowel in both speech and writing, its genitive form will be identical with the nominative: Oslo, Moskva, Giuseppe Verdi and so on. If the name ends in a consonant in both speech and writing, then the genitive ending will generally be -i: Griegi, Washingtoni and so on. The partitive also ends in -i. Russian names are transliterated into Estonian spelling and declined according to the above rules: Mihhail Lermontov, David Oistrahh, Tsˇernobõl (Chernobyl) and so on. Names from closely 140 Unit 14: Meresõit related languages such as Finnish may be subjected to either Estonian or native declension rules. Exercise 1 From the list of adverbs below, fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow. järele kätte läbi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 maha pärale välja ringi vastu ümber ära üles käest Ta küsis mu mehe __________, kus on Enno tänav. Tõnu küsib Piretilt, millal ta võib __________ minna. Mu onu ajab habeme (habe ‘beard’) __________. Isa tuli meile jaama __________. Kas ta on lugenud raamatu __________? Ta sai oma raha __________. Suures tormis (torm ‘storm’) läks laev __________. Väsinud naine istus __________. Millal sa homme __________ tõused? Meie oleme kaua linnas __________ käinud. (CD 2; 18) Convert the adjectives and adverbs in the sentences below into their superlative forms on this model: See hotell on kõrge ehitis Tallinnas. See hotell on kõige kõrgem ehitis Tallinnas. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nüüd on hea tuul. Me peaksime saama ilusa sõidu. See on kindlasti huvitav. Kaugelt tuleb suur laev. Siit võin kogu Tallinna hästi näha. Siin merel on suur tuul. Ma olen suure tuulega merel olnud. Lähme rannast kaugele. Suure tuulega jään ma merehaigeks. Exercise 3 Give the nominative, genitive, partitive, elative and illative cases of: Unit 14: Sailing 1 2 3 4 141 Your own first name Your own surname The name of the town you live in The name of the last person you spoke to The points of the Estonian compass Tallinn Bay You are sailing in a boat in Tallinn Bay, and are situated just off the top end of Paljassaare poolsaar (peninsula). Describe in Estonian, using the words you know for expressing direction, how to get to: 1 2 3 4 5 Pirita Tallinn-Muuga sadam (port) Kopli laht Mõigu Naissaar 142 NAISSAAR Tallinn–Muuga sadarn Tallinn–Muuga Port Haabneerne MÄHE Paljassaare poolsaar PIRITA KOPLI Rannamdisa Tiskre MAARDU KAKLUMÄE Ko pli NARVA IRU lah t PELGULINN Tabasalu OISMÄE Ä LILLEKULA MUSTAMAE Harku Ä MOIGU Soodevahe Kopli Peetri Ä NOMME Lehmja Püha PÄÄSKULA LAAGRU SAUE HA AP SA LU KEILA PÄRNU JA VILJANDI NAR VA / TAR TU Unit 15: An invitation 15 Küllakutse An invitation By the end of this unit you should: • know more about the correct case endings for verb objects • be able to express questions involving alternatives • recognize and use some passive forms of the verb (CD 2; 19) Piret teeb süüa Piret has decided to invite Tõnu and Paul, on their arrival in Tartu, to have a meal with her and her relatives. She has offered to cook for them all. Piret: Tädi Leida, las ma teen täna õhtul süüa. Sul on olnud raske tööpäev ning sa oled väsinud. Ma kutsusin Tõnu ja Pauli külla ja neile peab midagi pakkuma. Las ma teen. 5/30/08, 16:53 144 Unit 15: Küllakutse Leida: Aitäh, kulla Piret, aga mida me küll sööme? Leib ja sai said otsa, külmkapis on ainult väheke juustu ja vorsti, ja piima ja koort oleks ka vaja. Mine käi poes ära. Piret: Hea küll, ma lähen poodi. Kas midagi muud on ka vaja? Leida: See sõltub sellest, mida sa tahad süüa teha. Aga võid ka ei ole, ja munad on otsas. Võta veel kümme muna ja üks pakk võid. Piret: Kas meil kohupiima on? Leida: Ei ole. Too üks pakk. Piret: Oota natukene, ma kirjutan parem üles, mida meil vaja on. Muidu ma unustan ära! Nii et kaks leiba, üks sai, siis veel juustu, ja vorsti, kaks liitrit piima ja üks purk hapukoort, kümme muna ja pakk võid. Leida: Aga missugust toitu sa oma külalistele teha tahaksid? Kas kala või liha? Kartuleid on ka vähevõitu. Piret: Kartuleid on meil küllalt, sest neid ma eile ostsin. Aga ühe kapsapea võiksin küll osta. Ja kala – võtan umbes kilo suitsukala, ühe suurema tüki. Leida: Osta natuke rohkem, et meile piisaks ka homseks. Kui kala müüakse kaalu järgi, osta poolteist kilo. Piret: Hea küll. Kui kõik on ostetud, tulen tagasi ja hakkan süüa tegema. Vocabulary süüa (verb used as noun) las laskma ning kulla ots, -a kapp, kapi külmkapp, -kapi vähe vähemalt vorst, -i pood, poe kohupiim, -a muidu food, meal, dinner toit, toidu vähevõitu let (it be that... ) liha, – küllalt let kapsas, kapsa and (also) kapsapea, – my dear kilo(gramm), end -(grammi) cupboard suits, -u refrigerator et müüma a little müüakse at least kaal, -u sausage järgi shop curds, cottage cheese kala, – otherwise food a little, not enough meat enough cabbage head of cabbage kilo(gram) smoke so that sell is sold weight ( postp. ) according to, by fish 145 Commands: the object of the imperative verb Too üks pakk! Bring one packet! We first encountered the imperative form of the verb in Unit 2. The object of a verb in the imperative (command) mood takes the nominative case if it is countable. You will remember the discussion of cases of objects in Unit 3. There are at least two reasons for using a partitive object: if it is indefinite (uncountable), or if it is preceded by a number or other quantifier. To refresh our memories, let us look at these contrasting examples: Piret ostab paki võid. Piret buys a packet (definite) of butter (indefinite). Piret ostab võid. Piret buys some butter (indefinite). Piret ostab kaks pakki võid. Piret buys two packets of butter ( preceded by quantifier). Now if we tell Piret to buy a packet of butter, or one packet of butter, or two packets of butter, look at the forms of the object: Piret, osta pakk võid! Piret, buy a packet of butter! Piret, osta üks pakk võid! Piret, buy one packet of butter! In both of the examples above, the object pakk or üks pakk appears in the nominative, but võid is partitive ‘of butter’. But as we know, plural numbers are followed by the partitive singular, so we get: Piret, osta kaks pakki võid! Piret, buy two packets of butter! Here, kaks is nominative, but pakki and võid are both partitive. And if we were addressing more than one person, or using the polite form, we would use the same forms but say ostke instead of osta. But some verbs cannot take ‘total’ objects, only partitive ones. This applies to the imperative as well: Vaadake seda kivi. (part. ) Look at this stone. Armastage oma sõpru. Love your friends. These verbs take partitive objects for another reason: they are the objects of verbs of thinking, feeling and perceiving. 146 Unit 15: Küllakutse Kas... või Kas kala või liha? Fish or meat? When we wish to express two possible alternatives or choices in a question, we can use the expression kas... või: Kuhu sa tahad sõita – kas Otepääle või Elvasse? Where do you want to travel to – Otepää or Elva? Mida te suitsetate – kas sigarit või sigaretti? What are you smoking – a cigar or a cigarette? The passive or impersonal verb (present tense) Seda kala müüakse kaaluga. That fish is sold by weight. The passive voice of the verb is the form that is used when there is no subject expressed – what is important is what happens to the object – in this case ‘fish’. The present tense of the passive verb in Estonian is very regular and easy to form: as a general rule we simply add -kse to the -da infinitive of the verb. Some more examples: Mida siin tehakse? What is being done here? (teha/tehakse) Kirikus lauldakse laule. Songs are sung in church. (laulda/lauldakse) Ust avatakse. The door is being opened. (avada/avatakse) Naerdakse. People are laughing. (naerda/naerdakse) But it would be more accurate to call this verb form impersonal rather than passive, as it has a slightly different usage from in English. An important difference is that it cannot take an agent: we cannot say ‘The door is opened by Aunt Leida’ using this form in Estonian; instead we use the normal active form of the verb and just change the word order: Ukse avab tädi Leida. On the other hand we can use this form for what in English would be expressed by an active verb with the general subject ‘People’ or ‘They’: 147 Siin juuakse veini. People drink wine here. Räägitakse, et see on hea film. They say this is a good film. The passive past participle Kõik, mis vaja, on ostetud. Everything necessary has been (= is) bought. Piret on ostnud kõik, mis vaja. Piret has bought everything necessary. Comparing the two sentences above, we can see that the passive past participle is rather like the active past participle (-nud), except that the -n- of the ending changes to -t- or -d-. (The same rules apply here as for -ke and -ge in the imperative. ) There is an additional point to remember, though: if the stem already ends in -t, as in the verb ostma, we insert an extra -e- to separate the two ts. Looking back to the examples we saw of the passive forms above, we can say: Töö sai ära tehtud. The work was done. Laulud on lauldud. The songs have been sung. Uks on avatud. The door has been opened. Exercise 1 Put the appropriate form of the phrase see tükk ‘this piece’ into the following sentences: 1 2 3 4 5 Andke mulle __________. Ma võtan __________. Ma ei võta __________. Vaadake __________. Ma tahan __________. Exercise 2 Piret goes off to the shop to buy her supplies for the dinner. At the fish counter she has the following exchange with the assistant. Fill in the appropriate forms. 148 Unit 15: Küllakutse 1 Piret: Ma palun (üks) haug (= pike). 2 Müüja: (Missugune) ma annan, kas (suurem) või (väiksem)? 3 Piret: Ükskõik (= all the same, doesn’t matter). Andke (keskmine). 4 Müüja: (Valida) (= choose) ise välja. 5 Piret: Ma võtan (see tükk). 6 Müüja: (See) kaalub (= weighs) üks kilo sada viiskümmend (gramm). 7 Piret: Hea küll. See on (kõik). 8 Müüja: Palun. Palun (järgmine)! Exercise 3 Answer these questions: 1 2 3 4 5 Mida Piret ostab? (use cases as appropriate) Mida on Piretil vaja osta? Mida Teil endal on vaja osta? Parem kirjutage üles! Mis on Pireti tädil külmkapis? Mis on Teie külmkapis? Language in use Below are a couple of recipes taken from an Estonian recipe book. See if you can understand the instructions – and if you like, why not try them out? A little vocabulary is provided here to help you. Piimasupp köögiviljaga 1 liiter piima 4 klaasi vett 400 grammi kartuleid 100 grammi porgandeid 1 2 3 4 400 grammi lillkapsast 100 grammi rohelisi herneid 1 supilusikatäis võid soola Köögiviljad pesta, puhastada, koorida ja tükeldada. Keeta pehmeks vees, millele on lisatud võid ja soola. Lisada lahjendatud piimale. Maitsestada soola ja võiga. 149 Vocabulary supp, supi köök, köögi vili, vilja köögivili, -vilja klaas, klaasi lillkapsas, -kapsa roheline, -lise hernes, herne lusikas, -ka supilusikas, -ka soup kitchen fruit, crop vegetable glass cauliflower green pea spoon tablespoon lusikatäis sool, soola koorima tükeldama keetma pehme, – lisama lahjendama maitsestama spoonful salt peel cut (into pieces) boil, cook soft add dilute, thin out flavour, give taste Exercise 4 The recipe above gives instructions in simple infinitives. Rewrite the recipe, changing these verb forms into present passive forms. 150 Exercise 5 The recipe below gives instructions in simple infinitives. Rewrite the recipe, changing the infinitives into the imperative singular: Pese värsked seened kiiresti... In the fourth and fifth instructions in the recipe, you will see that if the comitative case is used for more than one item, only the last item takes the -ga case ending; any preceding items take the genitive case: hapukoore ja valge pipraga, kartulite ja toorsalatiga. Praetud seened 600 grammi värskeid seeni 3 supilusikatäit rasva 1 sibul 3 supilusikat kuivikupuru 1 klaas piima 4 supilusikat hapukoort valget pipart 1 Värsked seened pesta kiiresti ja kuivatada; kui on vajalik, siis kupatada. 2 Seened tükeldada, kuumutada rasvas, lisada sibul, siis kuivikupuru, kuumutada ning lisada piim. 3 Keeta. 4 Maitsestada hapukoore ja valge pipraga. 5 Serveerida keedetud või praetud kartulite ja toorsalatiga. Vocabulary praadima ( past passive part. praetud) rasv, -a kuivik, -u puru, – valge, – pipar, pipra kuiv, -a fry fat, grease rusk, cracker, dry biscuit crumb white pepper dry (adj. ) kuivatama vajalik, -u kupatama kuum, -a kuumutama serveerima toores, toore salat, -i toorsalat, -i dry (vb) necessary parboil, scald hot heat serve raw lettuce; salad green salad 151 Revision: Units 11–15 Exercise 1 Put the words in brackets into the plural: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kas vahetame oma naelad eesti (krooniks)? Ta helistas paljudele (arstile). Nad sõitsid (paadiga) merele. (Võistlusest) võttis osa palju (sportlast). Ma kuulsin oma (vennalt), et tädi sõidab välismaale. Me tutvusime Ameerika (üliõpilasega). Ta läks (panka). Exercise 2 Change these past tense sentences into the perfect tense, using the correct form of olema and the active past participle -nud: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ma laenasin talle palju raha. Me ei käinud selles kinos. Kas sa ei kuulnud, et ta linnast ära sõitis? Me ei võtnud kunagi lapsi linna kaasa. Me ei õppinud eesti keelt. Kas nad käisid juba Pirital? Me ujusime sageli selles jões. Exercise 3 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The food in the restaurant hadn’t tasted (good) to him. He had already felt bad yesterday. Why had he not called the doctor? The shoes had been tight for her. They went to the bank to change money. We haven’t gone to look at the town yet. He had not taken this room. 152 Unit 15: Küllakutse 1 I would write to him if I knew his address. 2 You wouldn’t be late ( jääma hiljaks) if you travelled faster. 3 I would have gone swimming today if the weather had been warmer. 4 They would have called a doctor if the patient (= haige) had wished it. 5 My brother would finish university if he studied well. 6 If the wind was strong, I’d get seasick. 7 It would have been better if you hadn’t forgotten it. Exercise 5 What are the correct nouns formed from these verbs to describe an agent (-ja) and an action (-mine)? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 kutsuma ‘invite, call’ sööma ‘eat’ käima ‘go, visit’ saatma ‘send’ maksma ‘pay’ tegema ‘do’ õppima ‘study, learn’ Unit 16: Estonian literature 16 Eesti kirjandus Estonian literature know something of the history of Estonian literature recognize and use the passive forms in the past tense recognize and use the first person plural imperative (‘let’s’) be able to write and punctuate dates (CD 2; 20) Eesti kirjanduse ajalugu algab rahvaluulega. Seda hakati üles kirjutama aga alles 19. sajandi algul, siis, kui soomlane Elias Lönnrot oli kogunud soome ja karjala rahvaluulet ning koostanud soome eepose ‘Kalevala’, mis tekitas ka Eestis eepose loomise mõtte. 1838. aastal rajati Tartus Õpetatud Eesti Selts. Seltsi liikmeteks olid peamiselt sakslased, sest eestlastel oli tol ajal väga vähe võimalusi saada kõrgemat haridust. Aga nende hulgas oli ka üks eestlane, Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798–1850), arstiteaduse doktor, kes tegeles eesti keele, rahvaluule ja ajaloo uurimisega. Faehlmanni surma järel jätkas Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1803–82) materjali kogumist ning lõi eestlaste oma eepose, ‘Kalevipoja’. Tsensuuri tõttu ei saadud algupärast ‘Kalevipoega’ avaldada; kõik värsid, milles meenutati eestlaste vabadust ja nende minevikku, kärbiti. Täiendatud ‘Kalevipoeg’ trükiti Õpetatud Eesti Seltsi väljaandena 1862. a. Kuopio linnas Soomes. ‘Kalevipoeg’, mis koosneb 20 laulust, on aluseks ka tänapäeva eesti kirjakeelele. Vocabulary rahvas, -va folk, people, nation luule, – luule(tus), -e poetry poem 6/2/08, 10:45 154 Unit 16: Eesti kirjandus sajand, -i soomlane, -lase koguma Karjala, – karjala, – koostama eepos, -e tekitama luua, looma (past: lõi) looming, -u mõte, -tte rajama õpetatud selts, -i liige, liikme peamine, -mise sakslane, -lase hulk, hulga nende hulgas arstiteadus, -e tegelema investigate, study research interest death ( postp. ) after, behind jätkama continue (trans. ) materjal, -i material tsensuur, -i censorship tõttu ( postp. ) because of, owing to avaldama publish creation algupärane, -rase original thought, idea kärpima cut, slash, curtail establish, found värss, värsi verse, stanza learned meenutama remind, recall society vabadus, -e freedom member minevik, -u past chief, main täiendama improve, complete, German (n. ) supplement quantity, amount, trükkima print multitude väljaanne, publication among them -jaande medical science koosnema consist (of + elat. ) be occupied/ engaged in kirjakeel, -e literary language century Finn collect, gather Karelia Karelian compose, compile epic poem originate, cause, provoke create uurima uurimine, -mise huvi, – surm, -a järel Dates and punctuation In Unit 8 we tackled the ordinal numbers and the months of the year. Let us now look at how to express dates. Ordinal numbers in general, including years, are expressed in writing with a full stop after the number: 4. detsember 19. sajand 1838. aasta 4th December the 19th century the year 1838 Years given on their own are always written in this way, with the word aasta often abbreviated to a. 155 In writing dates on their own, such as at the head of a letter, we simply use the nominative form of the month: 6. marts 2007 And the same applies, of course, if the date is the subject of the sentence (or the complement of the verb ‘to be’): Täna on teisipäev, kuues märts kakstuhat seitse. In the oblique cases, we decline the date accordingly, remembering that ‘on’ a date requires the adessive case in Estonian: Ta on sündinud kaheksateistkümnendal novembril tuhat üheksasada viiskümmend neli. She was [note that Estonian says ‘is’ of beings who are still living] born on 18th November 1954. We can leave the year of the date undeclined, which is what Estonians usually do in conversation, or we can decline the year as well. If we do, because the year is then an ordinal number, we have to add aastal ‘in the year’ as well (‘in the 1954th year’): Ta on sündinud kaheksateistkümnendal novembril tuhande üheksasaja viiekümne neljandal aastal. As you can see, when declined, it becomes quite a mouthful! But it is not as difficult as it might look at first glance, as it is only the last element of the number, neljandal, that is either in the adessive case of the ordinal: the preceding elements are simply genitive forms of the cardinal numbers. The past tense passive (positive) 19. sajandi algul hakati seda üles kirjutama. At the beginning of the nineteenth century people began to write it down. In the previous unit we met the present tense form of the passive (or impersonal) form of the verb, ending in -kse. The past tense of the passive is formed equally simply, by adding -ti to the stem of the -da infinitive. 156 Unit 16: Eesti kirjandus The door was opened. Uks avati. 1838. aastal rajati Õpetatud The Estonian Learned Society Eesti Selts. was founded in 1838. In the verses there was a reminder of the Estonians’ freedom. Värssides meenutati eestlaste vabadust. The past tense passive (negative) Tsensuuri tõttu ei saadud avaldada algupärast ‘Kalevipoega’. Because of censorship it was not possible to publish the original Kalevipoeg. The negative form of the past passive, on the other hand, is formed with the negative particle ei before the past passive participle of the verb, a form we met in the previous unit, ending in -tud (or sometimes -dud). Ust ei avatud. The door was not opened. Algupärast eepost ei trükitud Eestis. The original epic was not printed in Estonia. Eestlastele haridust ei antud. For Estonians education was not provided. More on the declension of non-Estonian names In Unit 14 we dealt with the declension of foreign proper names in Estonian. Many Estonians themselves have names of non-Estonian origin. Faehlmann and Kreutzwald, the compilers of the Kalevipoeg mentioned in the text here, were of Baltic German stock, for instance, and their names do not fit so easily into the Estonian declension pattern. As we have seen, foreign names ending in consonants generally add an -i for the genitive stem: Faehlmanni surm the death of F. Kreutzwaldi töö the work of Kr. Lönnroti eepos L. ’s epic poem Londoni tänavad the streets of London 157 Exercise 1 Answer these questions: 1 2 3 4 5 Millal hakati eesti rahvaluulet koguma? Millal rajati Õpetatud Eesti Selts? Kes olid Eesti eepose loojad? Mis oli ‘Kalevipoja’ soome eelkäija (= predecessor) nimi? Miks ei saadud ‘Kalevipoega’ Eestis trükkida? Nüüdisaegene eesti kirjandus More recent Estonian literature (CD 2; 21) Lydia Koidula (1843–86) oli esimene tähtis eesti luuletaja. Ta kirjutas isamaalisi luuletusi, näiteks ‘Igatsus’, ‘Enne surma Eestimaale’ ja ‘Mu isamaa on minu arm’. 20. sajandi algul oli eesti novelli ja romaani suurajajärk. Anton Hansen Tammsaare (1878–1940) kirjutas mitu suurt eesti romaani. Ka Friedebert Tuglas (1886–1971) oli tähtis kirjanik, kes kirjutas luuletusi, romaane, novelle ja muid teoseid, ning tõlkis ilukirjandust vene ja soome keelest. Juhan Liiv (1864 – 1913) oli selle perioodi tähtis luuletaja. Eesti kirjandus muutus tunduvalt pärast 1940. aastat, kui Eestist tehti väevõimuga Nõukogude Liidu vabariik. Kohe pärast sõda oli kirjanduses peamine sõjateematika, ja hiljem sotsialistlik riigikord, nagu teisteski sotsialistlikes riikides. Vahepeal oli kasvamas uus põlvkond kirjanikke. Nende hulgast mainigem proosakirjanikke Mats Traati, Mati Unti, Arvo Valtonit, Jaan Krossi, ja Enn Vetemaad ning luuletajaid Jaan Kaplinskit, Debora Vaarandit, Paul-Eerik Rummot, Hando Runnelit ja Juhan Viidingut. Noorema põlvkonna kirjanikud on näiteks Eeva Park, Lauri Pilter, Kristiina Ehin, Rein Raud, Mehis Heinsaar ja Andrus Kivirähk. Kahjuks on nende teoseid võõrkeeltesse suhteliselt vähe tõlgitud. Vocabulary luuletaja, – isamaa, – poet native country, fatherland isamaaline, -lise igatsus, -e patriotic longing, yearning 158 Unit 16: Eesti kirjandus enne arm, -u algul novell, -i romaan, -i ajajärk, -gu teos, -e tõlkima ilukirjandus, -e vene periood, perioodi tunduv, -a väevõim, -u nõu, – nõukogu, – liit, liidu ( prep. ) before love, grace, mercy at the beginning short story novel period, epoch work (of art) translate fiction, creative literature Russian period perceptible, appreciable force, violence advice, counsel, council board, administrative council, Soviet union the Soviet Union republic war major, main subject, topic social structure as, like socialist (adj. ) political system, regime maailm, -a world vahepeal meanwhile kasvama grow omapärane, -rase original põlv, -e generation mainima mention proosa, – prose suhteline, -lise relative võõras, võõra strange, foreign võõrkeel, -e foreign language Nõukogude Liit vabariik, -riigi sõda, sõja peamine, -mise temaatika, – sotsiaalne, -se struktuur, -i nagu sotsialistlik, -u riigikord, -korra Making suggestions: the first person plural imperative Mainigem proosakirjanikke. Let us mention the prose writers. If we want to make suggestions in Estonian, we can use what we will call here the first person plural imperative, corresponding to ‘Let us... ’ in English, which is formed simply by adding -m to the second person plural imperative form: Makske! Makskem! Sööge! Söögem! Minge! Lähme! Pay! Let’s pay! Eat! Let’s eat! Go! Let’s go! 159 The negative of the first person plural imperative is the indicative form preceded by ärgem instead of ärge: Ärgem makskem! Ärgem söögem! Ärgem mingem! Let’s not pay! Let’s not eat! Let’s not go! (Note: These forms are rarely used in colloquial Estonian; instead we find simple imperative forms in positive sentences and ärme + simple imperative in negative ones. ) Exercise 2 Write out in full the years of the birth and death of Tammsaare, Tuglas and Liiv. Exercise 3 How do you say in Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Let’s Let’s Let’s Let’s Let’s Let’s Let’s Let’s buy a train ticket. sleep here tonight. have (= ‘make’) a sailing trip on Tallinn Bay! not worry about him, let’s go without him! get acquainted. not go out in the rain today. eat! travel to Latvia! Exercise 4 Write out in full: 1 2 3 4 24th July 1963 5th April 1185 27th November 1932 Lydia Koidula was born on 24th December 1843 and died on 11th August 1886. 5 Not until 1946 was she buried in Tallinn. 6 I’ve been waiting for my friend since 28th May, but I was told that she will be abroad until 11th June. 7 The shop was opened on 29th September 2008. 160 Unit 16: Eesti kirjandus (CD 2; 22) Lydia Koidula wrote much patriotic poetry which played an important part in the national awakening in the nineteenth century. Here is her best-known poem, the much-loved ‘Mu isamaa on minu arm’, which is sung to music written by the famous Estonian composer and conductor Gustav Ernesaks (1908–93). Though the language is rather archaic, you should be able to understand it without much difficulty. Mu isamaa on minu arm Mu isamaa on minu arm, kell’ südant andnud ma. sull’ laulan ma, mu ülem õnn, mu õitsev Eestimaa! Su valu südames mul keeb, su õnn ja rõõm mind rõõmsaks teeb, mu isamaa! Mu isamaa on minu arm, ei teda jäta ma, ja peaks sada surma ma seepärast surema! Kas laimab võõra kadedus, sa siiski elad südames, mu isamaa! Mu isamaa on minu arm, ja tahan puhata, su rüppe heidan unele, mu püha Eestimaa! Su linnud und mull’ laulavad, mu põrmust lilled õitsetad, mu isamaa! (1867) 161 Language in use Imagine you are writing a letter to a close friend in Estonia. Let’s suppose his name is Enn Tarm. His name and address (aadress, -i) on the envelope (ümbrik, -u) are, let’s say: You might begin your letter with your own address and the date, and a greeting such as Tere Enn! or, if you know him very well, perhaps Kallis Enn! (Estonians would not write ‘Dear’ unless they meant it! ) Then go on to write a couple of paragraphs of your own news. Here are some subjects you might mention: • • • • • • • • • • your current routine of work or study health, perhaps a recent illness affecting you or your family a holiday you are planning or have taken an invitation to him to come to your country public events in your own country your progress in learning Estonian your chances of visiting him something funny that happened to you recently a request for some Estonian books to read or something else. Here is a postcard sent back by Ellen to her parents in America: 162 More formal business letters and letters to officials might begin by addressing the recipient as Lugupeetud (respected) hr. (= härra)/pr. (= proua) and end with Lugupidamisega (with respect). Even more formally one can call the recipient Austatud (honoured) Of course there is much more to communications with Estonians than just letters and cards. Electronic communications are very widely used in modern Estonia (country code) and there is an extensive range of Internet sites in Estonian, both informative and fun, as well as chat rooms, SMS networks and so on. A quick search of the Internet is soon bound to reveal sites connected to your own particular interest in Estonia. Unit 17: At a department store 17 Kaubamajas At a department store By the end of this unit you should: • recognize and use the present active participle • know the ‘purposive’ suffix -miseks • be able to read an Estonian TV programme guide (CD 2; 23) Kaubamaja Piret has to go to the main department store in Tallinn to do some shopping, and Paul needs to buy some things too, so they agree to go together. Piret: Paul: Paul: Nagu kindlasti tead, Paul, Tallinna ja Tartu suurimaks kaupluseks on kesklinnas asuv kaubamaja. Jah, Tartus ma käin üsna sagely Kaubamajas, kui mul on vaja midagi osta. Kaubamajades on kõige rikkalikum valik. Aga siin Tallinnas ma pole enne kaubamajas käinud. Vaatame ringi. Mida sul on vaja osta? Ma sooviksin mänguasjade ja spordikaupade osakonnas käia, sest ma mõtlesin midagi oma sugulastele osta. Vaata, kõigepealt loeme, kus kõik osakonnad asuvad. Esimesel korrusel on majapidamistarbed, lauanõud, elektroonika, televiisorid, CD’d, DVD’d, mobiiltelefonid, arvutid, raadiod ja spordivarustust. Siis teisel korrusel leidub jalatseid ja naiste valmisrõivaid. Aga mitte mänguasju. Kus need on? 164 Unit 17: Kaubamajas Müüja: Piret: Müüja: Piret: Tere päevast, kas ma saan teid aidata? Jah, palun, ma vaataksin mänguasju. Need leiate teiselt korrvselt. Mine sina neid vaatama, Paul, ja mina vaatan mantleid. Siis lähme koos alla toiduainete osakonda torti ostma! Sealt võib leida kaasavõtmiseks häid torte ja kompvekke. Vocabulary kõigepealt kauplus, -e asuma keskus, -e rikkalik, -u valik, -u majapidamine, -mise tarve, tarbe majapidamistarbed nõu, – lauanõud raadio, – sport, spordi first of all shop, store be situated centre abundant, rich choice, selection housekeeping need, want, requirement household goods vessel, dish crockery radio (set) sport varustus, -e korrus, -e rõivas, rõiva valmisrõivad elektroonika, – arvuti, – mänguasi, -asja mobiiltelefon, -i küla, – toiduaine, – kaasavõtmiseks tort, tordi kompvek, -i elekter, -tri equipment storey, floor dress, garment ready-to-wear garments electronic goods computer toy mobile telephone village foodstuff for taking away, ready-made cake, tart sweet, confection electricity The present active participle -v Tallinna ja Tartu suurimaks The biggest store in Tallinn and kaupluseks on kesklinnas Tartu is the department store asuv kaubamaja. situated in the centre. (‘the in the centre being-situated department store’ – note different word order in Estonian. ) The ending -v added to the -da stem of a verb corresponds to the English present participle ‘-ing’ when used in its adjectival sense, to 165 qualify a noun. We have already met this ending, in fact, in words such as meeldiv ‘pleasing’, ‘pleasant’, huvitav ‘interesting’ and so on. In the last unit we found it in Lydia Koidula’s poem: õitsev ‘flourishing’. Its genitive form is -va and it can be declined just like any adjective. Temal on väga huvitav amet. She has a very interesting profession. See oli rõõmustav kohtumine. It was a joyful meeting. Meie elame kiiresti kasvavas linnas. We live in a rapidly growing city. Compounds of adjectives and nouns On the second floor women’s ready-to-wear clothes are found. Teisel korrusel leidub naiste valmisrõivaid. There are some cases where an adjective and a noun are combined in one word: valmis ‘ready’ + rõivas ‘garment’. Other common examples include vanalinn ‘Old Town’ and uusaasta ‘New Year’. Generally, though, adjectives and nouns cannot be freely combined. The ending -miseks Sealt võib leida kaasavõtmiseks häid torte ja kompvekke. There one can find nice cakes and confections to take away. The ending -miseks could be described as a sort of ‘infinitive of purpose’. It means ‘for the purpose of ’ the action indicated by the verb: See raamat on eesti keele õppimiseks or: See raamat on eesti keele õppimise jaoks (jaoks postp. + gen., ‘for’). This book is for learning Estonian. Linnaga tutvumiseks on aega liiga vähe. There is too little time to get to know the town. 166 Unit 17: Kaubamajas I don’t have enough money for changing just now. Mul pole vahetamiseks praegu piisavalt raha. (CD 2; 24) Complete the sentences below according to the model: Kesklinnas asuv kauplus on see, mis asub kesklinnas. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Inglise keelt oskav inimene on see, __________. Mägedes käivad turistid on need, __________. Väga huvitav raamat on see, __________. Aias mängiv laps on see, __________. Jaamas ootav naine on see, __________. Peatuses seisev buss on see, __________. Koolis istuvad lapsed on need, __________. Arstiteadust õppiv üliõpilane on see, __________. Exercise 2 Look at the store guide for a large department store. Give the floor code where you would find the following: Flowers Computer games Baby clothes Women’s stockings Watches/Clocks Kitchenware Men’s shoes Running shoes Gift wrapping Women’s coats (CD 2; 25) Paul läheb kaubamajja Paul visits the men’s department to buy some shirts. Paul: Tervist! Kas teil on müüa siniseid särke? Müüja: On küll ja üsna suures valikus. Kas soovite villast või puuvillast? Paul: Ma arvan, et villasest riidest, sest see on kõige soojem. Palun, kas te näitaksite mulle ühte? Müüja: Jah, palun. Ma soovitaksin seda, õrnalt ruudulist. DIGIMAAILM 1-5 Arvutid Arvutimängud Audio-video Mobiilltelefonid Fot Wifi HiFi tehnika Teenused: A501 Elioni tulevikukodu A502 Stanford Music A503 Internetiteenus A504 Elion/EMT klienditeenindus SPORDIMAAILM – A4 Spordi-ja vabaajariided Jooksu-, matka- ja tänavajalatsid Treeningsaal Pallimängud Veemõnud Matkatarbed MEESTEMAAILM – A3 Särgid Ülikonnad Vaba aja rõivad Ülerõivad ja aksessuaarid Pesu Jalatsid Kotid, portfellid Parfüümid Kingitused Teenused: A301 Personaalne moenõustamine A302 Rätsep ja keemilise puhastuse vastuvõtt MEESTEMAAILM – A2 Kollektsioonid Teksarõivad NAISTEMAAILM – V2 Kollektsioonid Ülerõivad Teksarõivad Pesu Teenused: V201 Personaalne moenõustamine V202 Aura kohvik LASTEMAAILM – V2 Beebirõivad Mini 2-7 a rõivad Juunior 7-14 a rõivad Laste jalats Mänguasjad Paul: Müüja: Paul: Müüja: 167 KODUMAAILM B-2 Garderoob, majapidamine Kohvrid Köök Magamistuba Vannituba Söögituba ja kodukaunistus Lastetuba Kodumasinad Käsitöö ja hobikaubad Kangad ja õmblustarvikud Valgustid Lilled Kingituste pakkimine Teenused: B201 Sˇ hokolaadikohvik B202 Kellassepp / kullassepp / graveerija NOORTEMAAILM- A1 Noorte rõivad ja aksessuaarid Jalatsid Moeehted ja kotid Dekoratiivkosmeetika Muusika CD, DVD Filmid Teenused: A101 Kauplus Hoochi Mama A102 MONEX valuutavahetus ILUMAAILM – V1 Ekskusiivkosmeetiks Dekoratiivkosmeetika Olmekosmeetika Meeste parfüümid Naiste parfüümid Naiste sukad-sokid Aksessuaarid Kotid Naiste jalatsid Kellad / juveel / moeehted Personaalne ilunõustamine Teenused: V101 Ilustuudiod V103 Optika V104 Küünestuudio V105 Juuksur TOIDUMAAILM – V0 Pagar Valmistoit Lahja ja kange alkohol Esmatarbekaubad Toidumaailma kohvik Teenused: 012 Rikets Lilled Jah, see võiks sobida küll. Mis suurus teile läheb? Nelikümmend. Jah, ma võtaksin selle, see sobib mulle. Olge lahke. See särk maksab sada nelikümmend viis krooni. Palun makske sinna kassasse. 168 Unit 17: Kaubamajas Vocabulary müüa for/on sale sinine, -ise blue soovitama recommend õrn, -a ruut, ruudu delicate square, pane, (here:) check Adverbs formed from passive verbs Loodetavasti see sobib mulle. Hopefully (= I hope) it will fit me. Adverbs like loodetavasti (from loota ‘hope’) are formed from the passive voice of the verb (loodetakse ‘it is (to be) hoped’) with the participial suffix -av and the usual adverb ending -sti. Similarly we have nähtavasti (from näha ‘see’) ‘obviously, evidently’, oodatavasti (from oodata ‘expect’) ‘to be expected’ and so on. Exercise 3 Retell the above dialogue in your own words in the past tense. Example: Paul läks kaubamajja ja küsis, kas nendel on müüa siniseid särke... Television in Estonia Here is a fairly typical day’s television programme from an Estonian newspaper. Finnish television programmes are also listed, as Finnish television is widely available in Estonia, but we will ignore those. See how much of it you understand and answer the comprehension questions that follow. Extra vocabulary is in the glossary at the back. 169 Exercise 4 1 Find something for the children to watch in the early evening. Who is their host? 2 You need a weather report. Which channel, what time? 3 Can you guess what the name of the daily current affairs and news programme is? 4 Can you find the programme about ‘funniest home videos’? 5 ‘Did we want an Estonia like this? ’ Can you find a programme with this title? 6 There is a film billed as a ‘thriller’ showing on one of the channels. Which one, at what time? 5/30/08, 16:54 Unit 18: Eestit avastamas 18 Eestit avastamas Discovering Estonia know more about the geography of Estonia know how to use the suffix -tu know more about word order recognize and be able to use the impersonal imperative (CD 2; 26) Ringsõit Eestis As Paul is coming to the end of his stay in Estonia, and still has five free days left, he asks Piret’s advice about what to see and visit. Paul: Piret, ma hakkan varsti ära sõitma, aga ma tahaksin enne ärasõitu natuke rohkem Eestimaad näha. Ma mõtlesin umbes viiepäevasele ringsõidule minna. Kas sa saaksid mulle nõu anda? Eestis on nii palju erinevaid kohti, kuhu sa võiksid minna. Kas sa kavatsed auto üürida? Ma mõtlesin jah Tartust auto üürida, sest ma tahaksin näiteks Lõuna-Eestis ning Saaremaal ja Hiiumaal natuke ringi sõita. See on hea idee. Lõuna-Eestis on väga ilus puutumatu loodus ja seal ongi kõige kergem ja mugavam autoga ringi sõita. Kuhu sa minna soovitaksid? Noh, kindlasti oled märganud, et Eestis on väga palju järvi ja paljud neist asuvad just Lõuna-Eestis. Võiksid ära käia ka näiteks Taevaskojas ja Eesti kõrgeimal tipul, Suurel Munamäel. Unit 18: Discovering Estonia Paul: Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: 171 Jah, seda teeksin ma hea meelega. Mind huvitaks väga ka Setumaa. Olen kuulnud, et see on ülejäänud Eestist hoopis erinev. Setumaa on tõesti väga huvitav koht. Setu talumuuseumis saad sa tutvuda setu kommete, talude, vanade tööriistade, käsitöö ja muu sellisega. Seal oleks sul võimalus ka suitsusaunas käia ja setu toite süüa! Aga kuhu sa ise tahaksid kõige rohkem minna? Noh, võib-olla Pärnumaale. Pärnu on suvel nagu Eesti teine pealinn. Seal on pikad liivarannad, soe merevesi ja palju kultuurisündmusi. Nii Pärnus kui Haapsalus, mis asub samuti Eesti läänerannikul, saab spa-hotellides lõõgastuda ja mudavanne nautida. Kas Pärnust saab ka saartele? Tahaksin näha Hiiumaad ja Saaremaad. Pärnust sa Hiiumaale ega Saaremaale ei saa. Hiiumaale minemiseks tuleb sul sõita Rohukülla, mis asub Haapsalu külje all, Saaremaale saab aga sõita Virtsu sadamast. Vaatame Eesti kaarti ja paneme marsruudi paika. Paul. Kas näed kaardil Kuressaaret? Kõigepealt tuleb sul sõita praamiga Muhu saarele ja sealt edasi autoga tammi mööda Saaremaale. Kuressaare on imeilus väike linn, kus asub hästi säilinud keskaegne kindlus. Samuti on Saaremaa tuntud oma puutumatu looduse poolest. Lapsepõlves käisin oma perekonnaga igal suvel Saaremaal. Su lapsepõlves – aga mitte täiskasvanuna? Kahjuks mitte kordagi. Pole olnud ei aega ega õiget seltskonda. Aga võib-olla sul nüüd oleks aega? Sul on ju veel puhkus. Kas sul on midagi plaanis? Ega eriti ei ole küll. Niisiis... kas sa tuleksid koos minuga? Kahekesi on lõbusam ja sa saaksid mulle Eestit näidata nagu asjatundja! Nõus! Sõidame koos mööda Eestit ringi! Vocabulary avastama ringsõit, -u üürima idee, – kavatsema discover tour rent, hire idea intend mugav, -a huvitama hoopis talu, – comfortable, convenient interest quite farm 172 Unit 18: Eestit avastamas tool remaining, the rest of lõõgastuma relax praam, -i ferry tamm, -i dyke kindlus, -e fortress külg, külje side külje all near keskaegne, -se medieval marsruut, -di route nõus agreed paik, paiga place paika panema decide on, plan rand, ranna beach nautima enjoy tipp, tipu peak sadam, -a port tööriist, -a ülejäänud muda, – nii... kui (ka) ime, – imeilus, -a tulema kaart, -di puutuma puutumatu täiskasvanu, – säilima poolest seltskond, -konna niisiis kahekesi lõbus, -a asjatundja, – mud both... and miracle magically beautiful (also) ought to map touch untouched, unspoiled adult be preserved for, because of ( postp. with genitive) company, companion so then in twos, as a couple enjoyable expert ‘However’, ‘likewise’ – some conjunctions We already know that aga means ‘but’. The same word may occur in a position other than first in the clause, in which case we might think of it as ‘however’ in English: Saaremaale saab aga sõita You can get to Saaremaa, however, Virtsu sadamast. from the port of Virtsu. In the same position we can find other conjunctions, such as samuti ‘likewise’: Nii Pärnus kui Haapsalus, mis asub samuti Eesti läänerannikul... At both Pärnu and Haapsalu, which is likewise located on the west coast of Estonia,... And in this sentence, note the structure nii... kui (ka) ‘both... and’. Another conjunction we find in this dialogue is niisiis ‘so then’: Niisiis... kas sa tuleksid koos minuga? So then, would you come with me? Unit 18: Discovering Estonia 173 The suffix -(ma)tu Lõuna-Eestis on väga ilus In South Estonia nature is very puutumatu loodus. beautiful and unspoiled. (lit. : ‘In South Estonia is very beautiful unspoiled nature’) The suffix -tu, when added to the -ma verb infinitive, negates the meaning of the verb, like the prefix ‘un-’ in English: puutuma ‘touch’, puutumatu ‘untouched’. Similarly sobima ‘fit, suit’, sobimatu ‘’inappropriate, incompatible’. Uskuma ‘believe’, uskumatu ‘unbelievable’. The suffix -tu also forms adjectives that negate nouns, and thus it may be seen as the opposite of the suffix -line: õnn, õnne ‘happiness, luck’, õnnelik ‘happy, fortunate’, õnnetu ‘unhappy, unfortunate’. Likewise nõu ‘counsel’, nõutu ‘perplexed, at a loss’; kodu ‘home’, kodutu ‘homeless’; and so on. ‘In order to’ Hiiumaale minemiseks tuleb sul sõita Rohukülla. In order to go to Hiiumaa you ought to travel to Rohuküla. If we want to express the idea of doing something ‘in order’ to do something else, we can replace the -ma of the infinitive with -miseks. So we can say: Meil ei ole piisavalt head We don’t have a good enough tööriista selle töö tegemiseks. tool in order to do this job. (piisav sufficient; piisavalt enough) ‘Ought to, should, have to’ Note the use of the verb tulema, which normally means ‘come’, in the example above, where it means ‘have to’, ‘ought to’ or ‘should’. The person who should or ought to is expressed in the adessive case: sul tuleb, meil tuleb, temal tuleb and so on. Further on in the dialogue we find: Kõigepealt tuleb sul sõita First you have to travel by ferry praamiga Muhu saarele. to the island of Muhu. The word pool and its derivatives Samuti on Saaremaa tuntud oma puutumatu looduse poolest. Likewise Saaremaa is known for its unspoiled landscape/nature. 174 Unit 18: Eestit avastamas In this sentence the word poolest is used to mean ‘for, because of’. Like the words derived from pea that we have met (peale, pealt and so on), pool is a very useful base for a number of expressions: Seal elavad mu sugulased ema poolt. Igal pool oli lärm! See asub Tartust lõuna pool. Ma jalutasin paremal pool. Ta elas mu sõbra pool. My relatives on my mother’s side live there. There was noise everywhere! It’s located south of Tartu. I was walking on the right-hand side. She was living at my friend’s place. Exercise 1 Answer the following questions about the text: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kuhu tuleb sõita Hiiumaale minemiseks? Kus on Eesti kõrgeim tipp? Kus on Setumaa? Mis on Saaremaa pealinna nimi? Mille poolest on Saaremaa tuntud? Kus asub Haapsalu? Mida soovitab Piret Paulil teha Saaremaale minemiseks? Mida otsustavad Piret ja Paul lõpuks teha? Estonia’s geography Piret and Paul plan their tour of parts of Estonia. As they study the map and make their plans, Paul learns about the country’s varied landscapes and fascinating historical associations. Look at the map opposite and see if you can understand and answer the questions below; the clues are to be found on the map and pictures, as well as in Dialogue 1. You can find the additional vocabulary in the glossary at the back. 1 Milline neist linnadest on lõunapoolseim: Pärnu, Viljandi või Valga? 2 Kui suur on Eesti pindala? 3 Kus asub suudlevat neidu ja noormeest kujutav purskkaev? 4 Kas on tõsi, et Eesti on pindalalt Euroopa väikseim riik? 175 kuressaare Saaremaa Hiiumaa Kardla Pindala 45, 228 km 0 km Haapsalu Läänema Rapla Harjumaa Pärnu Pärnumaa Viljandi Paide Järvamaa Vortsjärv Valga Johvi Vöru Võrumaa Polva Põlvamaa i Emajõg Piirisaar Peipsi järv Kauksi Ida-Virumaa Tartumaa Tartu Jõgevamaa Jögeva Lääne-Virumaa Rakvere Valgamaa Viljandimaa Raplamaa Helsinki 87 km Unit 18: Discovering Estonia 175 176 Unit 18: Eestit avastamas 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Milline on Eesti suurim järv? Kuhu suubub Suur Emajõgi? Mis järve kaldal asub Kauksi rand? Kui suur on Tallinna elanike arv? Milline on Baltimaade kõrgeim magi? Millise kahe saar vahele ehitati aastail 1894–1896 tamm? Millise sadama kaudu mandril peetakse laevaühendust Hiiumaa ja Vormsiga? Milline linn on Eesti suvepealinn? Kas Peipsi järv on Euroopa suurim järv? Kus asub Setu talumuuseum? Milline on Eesti suurim saar? Kui palju vahemaad on Tallinnast Helsingisse? Kus asub Kõpu tuletorn? Mitu maakonda on Eestis? Mitu kilomeetrit on Tallinnast Haapsallu? Kus asub Piirissaar? Suur Munamägi Here is an introduction to the Suur Munamägi tourist attraction, taken from its website. See how much of the information you understand. Suur Munamägi Esileht Uudised Galerii Ajalugu ja legend Lühitutvustus Suur Munamägi (318 m), mis asub Haanja körgustiku keskosas Võrumaal, on nii Eesti kui ka Baltikumi kõrgeim magi. Suure Munamäe tipus asub vaatetorn – nii saab 346, 7 meetri kõrguselt vaadata Eestimaad 50 km raadiuses. Täiskasvanud Õpilased, üliõpilased ja pensionärid Vanurid 70 aastat ja vanemad Haanja valla elanikud, eelkooliealised lapsed ja sügava puudega inimesed Lahtiolekuajad 01. 11 – 19. 04 L-P 12-15 20. 04 – 31. 08 E-P 10-20 01. 09 – 30. 09 E-P 10-17 01. 10 – 31. 10 L-P 10-17 Muud teenused Binokli laenutus Tornivahi väljakutse väljaspool torni lahtioleku aega (va öösel) Väljakutse öötundidel 21. 00 kuni 7. 00-ni Torni üür 1 tund (ainult väljaspool lahtioleku aega) Ülessõit mööda majandusteed toimub vastava loa alusel. Lisainformatsioon Haanja vald Haanjamaa compass Haanja Rõuge reisijuht Kontakt ja asukoht Külastuse ühe pileti hind jalgsi liftiga 30 kr 15 kr 15 kr tasuta 60 kr 60 kr 15 kr tasuta 15 kr 100 kr + piletid 500 kr + piletid 500 kr Unit 19: A train journey 19 Rongisõit A train journey By the end of this unit you should: • recognize and be able to use the participle -(d)es • recognize and be able to use the suffix -mata • know about the declension of ordinal numbers (CD 2; 27) Külaskäik Tõnu sugulaste juurde Now it is Tõnu’s turn to introduce Piret and Paul to his relatives. At the weekend they decide to go together to Pärnu to meet his sister and her husband. Tõnu: Tere hommikust, Piret! Tere, Paul! Kas oled juba reisivalmis? Kas sul on asjad pakitud, Piret? Piret: Jah, minu kraam on kõik kotis. Ma ei tunne mingit lõbu reisimisest, kui pean raskeid pakke tassima. Aga sina? Tõnu: Jah, mul on väga kerge kott. Võtan kaasa vaid hädavajalikud asjad. Paul: Ka minul on seekord kerge kohver. Piret: Mis sul kotis on? Paul: Pardel, hambahari, hambapasta ja muu taoline kraam. Piret: Oh, taevake! Ma oleksin enda omad maha unustanud! Need on mul veel vannitoas peegli all. Aga Paul, kas sul vihmamantel on? Täna tuleb kindlasti vihma. Paul: Ei, mantlit mul ei ole. Ja vihmavarigi jäi kaasa võtmata. Täitsa unustasin. Aga nüüd ei ole enam aega sellele järele minna. Peab minema. 178 Unit 19: Rongisõit Vocabulary reisivalmis kohver, kohvri kraam, -i mingi lõbu, – reisima tassima asi, asja kaasa(s) häda, – ready to travel suitcase hädavajalik, -u stuff, things, luggage some/any kind of pleasure, enjoyment, fun travel drag, lug thing with you/one trouble, emergency pakkima pardel, -dli hari, harja pasta, – taoline, -lise taevake! vann, -i peegel, peegli täitsa (= täiesti) necessary, indispensible pack (electric) razor brush paste such Heavens! bath(tub) mirror completely Phrases Ma oleksin need maha unustanud. I would have forgotten them. (= left them behind) We have already discussed the function of ‘adverbs of direction’ such as maha (in Unit 14), and we know that they alter the force of the verb, sometimes quite subtly. Piret means here that she would have left them behind, rather than merely forgetting about the idea of them. Maha adds a certain concreteness and specificity to the expression. Note also the phrase enda omad ‘my/your/one’s... own’ (plural). The suffix -mata: ‘omitting to do’ something Ja vihmavarigi jäi kaasa võtmata. And the umbrella wasn’t brought either (= ‘stayed unbrought’). The suffix -mata, which is simply the abessive case suffix -ta added to the -ma infinitive, indicates what someone has ‘omitted to do’. Other examples: Lapsed jäid söömata. Me unustasime paki saatmata. Te jätsite sinna minemata. The children had nothing to eat. We forgot to send the packet. You omitted to go there. 179 (CD 2; 28) Raudteejaamas TALLINN Paldiski Rakvere Kiviõli Kehra Saue Püssi Jõhvi Narva Tapa Keila Tamsalu Rapla Türi Jõgeva Võhma Tartu Pärnu Viljandi Elva Põlva The three friends arrive at the railway station. Tõnu: Piletimüüja: Tõnu: Piletimüüja: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Paul: Palun kolm piletit Pärnusse. Kaheksateist eurot, palun. Millal läheb järgmine rong? Kell kümme kakskümmend. Hästi, siis on meil veel natuke aega. Lähme joome tassi kohvi. Oota üks hetk, ma tahan Eesti Päevalehte osta. Rongiga sõites ma tahaksin lehte lugeda. Aga vaata, meie rong on juba jaamas. Lähme ruttu! Sellest ei ole midagi, kell on alles kümme. Sa mine osta oma leht ja ma ootan siin. Siis lähme rongi peale. Millises kupees tahate istuda? 180 Unit 19: Rongisõit Tõnu: Piret: Tõnu: Paul: Tõnu: Ei tea, istekohtade numbreid ei ole piletitel märgitud. Kas meil on ühe suuna piletid? Jah, sest mu onu pakkus meile tagasisõitu oma autoga. Niisiis pole vaja tagasisõidupiletit osta. Siis meil on võimalus Pärnumaal natuke ringi sõita? Ma loodan küll. Vocabulary tass, tassi cup hääl, -e voice Eesti Päevaleht Estonian Daily: daily newspaper kiire, – hurry kupee, – compartment istekoht, -koha märkida tulles peatus, -e kord, korra lootma seat mark, note coming stop, halt time, occasion hope The present participle suffix -(d)es Rongiga sõites ma tahaksin lehte lugeda. Riding on the train I’d like to read the paper. When we describe one action that takes place at the same time as another, we can use another kind of present participle, which is formed by adding -(d)es to the -da infinitive stem. We can think of this as the ‘while’ participle: Magades õppimisest ei tule midagi head. No good will come of learning while sleeping. Ta kirjutas kirja rongiga sõites. She wrote a letter while travelling on a train. Me ajasime bussi oodates juttu. We chatted while waiting for the bus. As you can see from the example with tulles below, the stem of the verb undergoes the same changes for this participle as it does for the other verb participles. The subject of the two verbs need not of course be the same. In that case the subject that appears with the participle is in the genitive: 181 When Mother came the boys had vanished. Ema tulles olid poisid kadunud. Declension of ordinal numbers Neil on piletid kolmandas kupees, They have tickets in the kuueteistkümnes ja third coach, seats 16 and seitsmeteistkümnes istekoht. 17. (‘16th and 17th seats’) We have already looked at the declension of ordinal numbers in connection with dates (Unit 16), and we have seen that the declension of ordinal numbers is relatively straightforward for the numbers up to ten; as with any other adjective, most of the case endings are formed from the genitive stem, which you have already seen for the ordinal numbers. More complex, though, is the declension of numbers above ten, because here the individual elements of the number all have to be declined in agreement. For the numbers 11 to 20 there is another thing to remember: the ending -kümmend, literally ‘of ten’, which is optional for the cardinal numbers – üksteist(kümmend), kaksteist(kümmend), and so on, is compulsory in the ordinal forms, and must also be declined. Only the element -teist- remains the same, as it is already the partitive case of teine ‘other, second’. For compound ordinal numbers, however, everything except the last element is put in the genitive. The example above is in the inessive case; let us look at examples in other cases: Võta raamat neljandalt riiulilt. Take a book from the fourth shelf. See juhtus kahekümne kuuendal veebruaril. It happened on 26th February. Ootame kuueteistkümnenda kuupäevani. We are waiting until the 16th (day). (CD 2; 29) Arst külastab patsienti While visiting Pärnu, Paul starts to feel ill, and the doctor is called. Arst: Paul: Kas te tunnete end halvasti? Jah, mul on paha olla. 181 182 Unit 19: Rongisõit Arst: Paul: Arst: Mis viga on? Kurk valutab. Tehke suu lahti, ma vaatan teie kurku. Jah, kurk on punane. Kas pea ka valutab? Paul: Natukene. Pea käib ringi ja ma olen väsinud. Arst: Teil on vist palavik ka. Kas te olete ennast kraadinud? Paul: Ei ole, aga ma... Arst: Ma panen teile kraadiklaasi. Paul: Ma tahan juua. Arst: Kas te süüa ei taha? Paul: Ei taha, mul ei ole isu. Ma tahan ainult juua. Piret: Hea küll, ma toon sulle sooja piima meega. Vocabulary patsient, -di patient mul on paha olla I feel bad kurk, kurgu throat valutama ache, hurt lahti tegema open ringi käima swim, be dizzy palavik, -u fever, temperature kraadiklaas, -i thermometer isu, – hunger, appetite mesi, mee honey Exercise 1 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 He stopped (= peatus) in Tallinn while visiting Estonia. I met her while waiting for a train. We visited several shops when buying shoes. While walking on the street Tõnu met his old friend Piret. Looking at the picture, I recognized her. When Mother (genitive) came the children were playing. Exercise 2 Change the following sentences into participial constructions using -(d)es: 1 2 3 4 Kui me merel sõitsime, saime me külma. Kui ma kirja kirjutasin, tegin ma vea. Kui meie sõime restoranis lõunat, nägime me seal oma naabrit. Kas sa tutvusid paljude välismaalastega, kui sa ülikoolis õppisid? 183 5 Kui nad kingi otsisid, käisid nad peaaegu kõigis kauplustes. 6 Kui ma maal elasin, käisin ma üsna sageli naabrite juures. Exercise 3 Write out the following ordinal numbers in full: 17th, 505th, 844th, 19th, 683rd. Language in use Here is a newspaper article about summer sporting activities from the national daily newspaper mentioned earlier in this unit. Using the vocabulary provided, see how much of it you understand and answer the questions in English below. Note these things: (1) compound word formation; (2) word order; (3) agreement of verbs with certain noun cases. Nautige suve koos sõpradega liikudes Suvine tervisespordikalender on jooksudest, rattasõitudest, triatlonidest ja könniüritustest üpris pungil, kuid ega küll küllale liiga tee. Oma jalgel liikumisest rõõmustajad said ühe ettevõtmise võrra rikkamaks. Laupäeval Tallinnas Pirita spordikeskuse radadel peetud Ramirendi kevadjooks otsib endale ruumi võistkonnatunnet ja ühistegevust väärtustava ettevõtmisena. Õige algatus: kui kellelgi jääb metsa või mere äärde sörkima ja kõndima minekuks algatusvõimest või julgusest puudu, kutsugu sõber kaasa. Hea seltskonnaga looduses liikumine möödub sama joovastavalt nagu piknik pargipuude all. Parim maratonijooksja Pavel Loskutov, kelle vastupidavusega saab Eestis üksikuid võrrelda, lõi samuti kampa. Teate veel, kelle eest – olümpiakomitee võistkonnas. ‘Mul on ju olümpianorm täidetud, ’ selgitas valgalane. Kuigi Loskutov kaotas 7, 2 km pikkuse distantsi lõpuspurdiheitluses sillamäelasele Vjatsˇeslav Kosˇelevile, jagas ta üritusele kamaluga kiitust. Terviseliikumise hoogsa reklaamimise ajal võiks teisedki Eesti tippsportlased oma treeningukava ühitada mõne jooksu-, rattasõidu- või rulluisuvõistlusega. Teen ettepaneku olümpiakomiteele ja spordialaliitudele: kutsuge kuulsamaid naisi ja mehi 184 Unit 19: Rongisõit harrastajatele eeskuju andma. Mitte ainult Tallinna ja Tartusse, vaid üle kogu maa. Spordialaliitude ülesanne ei saa piirduda üksnes saavutusspordi arendamisega. Vocabulary (Note: compound words and words similar to English terms are not given here. You can have fun guessing them. ) summer (adj. ) run, running (n. ) event rather bulging, crammed there can’t be too much of it (lit. : ‘enough doesn’t make too much’) ettevõtmine, -se venture, undertaking rõõmustaja someone who enjoys, ( pl. ) those who enjoy võrra ( postp. with genitive) by, to the extent of rada, raja track, course võistkond, -konna (athletic) team, squad tunne, tunde feeling, sense, mood ühistegevus, -e co-operation, joint action väärtustama value algatus(võime), -e (-) (power of) initiative keegi, kellegi someone sörkima jog puudu jääma be short of, miss out on julgus, -e courage minek, -u going kutsugu sõber let him invite (= las kutsub sõbra) (3rd person imperative) sama (here adverb) just as joovastav, -a intoxicating vastupidavus, -e endurance üksik, -u unit; ( pl. ) just a few, very few võrdlema (võrrelda) compare kamp, kamba band, gang kampa lööma join in norm, -i standard täitma meet, fulfil, fill suvine, -se jooks, -u üritus, -e üpris pungil ega küll küllale liiga tee Unit 19: A train journey selgitama valgalane, -lase sillamäelane kaotama 7, 2 pikkus, -e lõpp, lõpu heitlus, -e kiitus, -e kamaluga kiitust hoogne, hoogsa tippsportlane, -se ühitama rulluisud harrastaja, – eeskuju, – ülesanne, -ande piirduma üksnes (= ainult) saavutus, -e arendama 185 explain person from Valga (town in southern Estonia) person from Sillamäe (town in northeastern Estonia) lose 7. 2 (note punctuation! ) length, distance end, (here:) final struggle praise a lot of praise energetic, dynamic top sportsman/athlete combine roller-skates amateur example, (role) model task, mission be restricted only, merely achievement develop Answer these questions in English: 1 When and where was the Ramirent Spring Run held? 2 What should you do if you don’t want to go jogging or walking alone? 3 Getting exercise in the open air in good company is compared with what? 4 Who is Pavel Loskutov and what town is he from? 5 What did he think about the event? 6 What should other top Estonian sportsmen do when training? 7 Why? Unit 20: Jõulud 20 Jõulud Christmas By the end of this unit you should: • know how to express reported speech • know the meanings of the word kui • be able to recognize suffixes in building words (CD 2; 30) Jõulud 5/30/08, 16:55 Unit 20: Christmas 187 At home with her relatives in Tartu, Piret is helping to prepare for Christmas now that the university term has ended. Paul has arrived back from England to spend his own Christmas holidays with them. Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: Paul: Piret: Paul: Need on mu esimesed jõulud Eestis. Teil olevat natuke erinevad jõulutraditsioonid kui meil Inglismaal. Jah, aga mõlemal maal usutakse, et tuleb jõuluvana. Aga kust jõuluvana teie meelest tuleb? Ta sõidab saaniga kaugelt, kaugelt Põhjamaalt. Kuidas ta saab saaniga sõita? Lund ju ei ole. Küll selleks ajaks tuleb lumi maha. Aga kuidas ta sõidab Inglismaale? Muidugi ta lendab saaniga, kui lund ei ole maas, sest Inglismaal ei saa loota sellele, et jõuludeks tuleb lund. Siis ta ronib korstna kaudu, majja ja jätab kingitused jõulukuuse alla, kui perekond magab. Aga teile ta tuleb alles jõulupäevaks, eks? Jah, ta tuleb öösel. Meile ta on siis juba tulnud. Me saame jõulukingitusi ju jõululaupäeval. Just then the telephone rings. Piret answers it. Piret: Hallo? Tõnu: Tere! Siin Tõnu. Kuule, Piret, varsti on jõulud käes. Kas Paul on juba Inglismaalt saabunud? Piret: On küll. Mis sul on plaanis? Tõnu: Ma mõtlesin, et kui sul ei ole muid plaane, siis te võibolla tuleksite jõuludeks meie juurde. Piret: Aga Tõnu, ma olen jõulude ajal kodus oma perega. Igal aastal tuleb terve meie pere mu vanemate juurde kokku. Tõnu: Ja mida te teete? Piret: Nagu kõigil, on ka meil traditsioonilised jõulud. Kui terve pere tuleb kokku, ja võib-olla veel mõned sugulased on meil jõuluõhtuks pidulaud kaetud. Tõnu: Mida teie pool süüakse? Piret: Ikka hapukapsaid ja seapraadi, verivorsti pohlamoosiga, tavaliselt ka ahjukartuleid, ja sülti, ja, ja – Tõnu: Nii nagu meilgi. Ja kui söömine ära lõpeb, siis tuleb jõuluvana. Piret: Ja lapsed jooksevad talle vastu. Tõnu: Meil ka. Mu õe lapsed ootavad teda nii hirmsasti. Ma mäletan ka oma lapsepõlvest, kui kena see oli, kui jõuluvana koputas uksele, ning küsis, kas ta tohib sisse astuda, ja me 188 lapsed jooksime talle vastu, et talle laulda ja temalt kinke saada. Ja siis kui kingitused on jagatud, pakume jõuluvanale kohvi ja piparkooke. See on küll kena. Räägitakse, et jõuluvana polevat olemas, aga mina küll usun, et on! Eesti pühad Estonian public holidays 1. 1 uusaasta 24. 2 iseseisvuspäev marts/aprill: lihavõtted 23. 6 jaani laupäev 24. 6 jaanipäev 20. 8 taasiseseisvumispäev 24. 12 jõululaupäev 25. 12 (esimene) jõulupäev Vocabulary jõulud, -e ( pl. ) jõuluvana, – kust saan, -i kauge, – sulama mõlemad siiski Christmas, Yule Father Christmas from where, whence sleigh distant, far melt, thaw both anyway, nevertheless, even then lendama, lennan fly kuulema hear kokku together traditsioon, -i tradition traditsiooniline, traditional -lise katma cover, lay, set hapukapsas, sauerkraut, -kapsa pickled cabbage siga, sea pig praad, prae seapraad, -prae tavaline, -lise verivorst, -i ahi, ahju ahjukartulid sült, süldi pohl, -a moos, -i kena, – koputama tohtima, tohin pakikene (dim. of pakk) kink/kingitus, -e jagama piparkook, -koogi roast roast pork usual blood sausage oven, stove roast potatoes brawn, jellied meat lingonberry jam fine, nice knock, rap may, be allowed little packet present, gift distribute gingerbread (biscuit) 189 Reported speech: the ‘quoting’ mode Räägitakse, et jõuluvana polevat olemas, aga mina küll usun, et on. They say that Father Christmas doesn’t exist, but I do believe he does. We can report other people’s speech in Estonian in the same way as we do in English (except that the tense may vary in Estonian): Ta ütles, et ta tuleb täna õhtul. He said that he was (= is) coming this evening. However, when we wish to distance ourselves from the truth or falseness of a claim reported by someone else, we can use the ‘quoting’ mode of the verb in Estonian: the impression conveyed is suspended belief. The ‘quoting’ mode is formed simply by adding -vat to the -ma infinitive stem of the verb, and it is the same for all persons and numbers: ma olevat, sa olevat, ta olevat and so on. Further examples: Kõne algavat viie minuti pärast. The speech is supposed to start in five minutes. Tähtis filmitäht tulevat meie linna. An important film star is said to be coming to our town. Ma olen kuulnud, et Tartus olevat vana ülikool. I have heard that there is an old university in Tartu. Reported speech in the past tense can be expressed with olevat + past active participle -nud: Sa olevat mulle juba rongipileti ostnud. They say you have already bought a train ticket for me. Nad olevat saanud kakskümmend krooni ühe naela eest. They say they have been getting twenty crowns to the pound. (nael, naela = £) Kogu perekond olevat sõitnud välismaale. The whole family is said to have gone abroad. 190 The meanings of kui Ta lendab saaniga, kui lund ei ole maas. He flies by sleigh if there’s no snow on the ground. Ma mäletan, kui kena see oli, kui jõuluvana koputab uksele. I remember how nice it is when Father Christmas knocks on the door. Ma olen vanem kui teie. I am older than you. Mu sõber on sama vana kui mina. My friend is as old as I am. The various meanings of kui need not cause us any confusion, as we can nearly always tell from the context which meaning is intended from the several possibilities: ‘if ’, ‘when’, ‘how’, ‘than’, ‘as’. Remember not to confuse kui with similar words: kuid, which means ‘but’, kuidas ‘how? ’, and kuigi ‘although’. Exercise 1 Translate into Estonian: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 They say you’ve been telling lies about me again. I hear she’s been running round the town. They say he wants a new flat. They say you eat here often. That film is supposed to be good. They say you have a car that you haven’t told me about. I heard she’s leaving him. This food is said to be good for your health. We heard that you ski every day. Exercise 2 Substitute the verb in this sentence with those below: Sa olevat eile meie pool maganud. käima; töötama; sööma; ootama; suusatama. 191 Exercise 3 Which infinitive is appropriate in these sentences, the -ma or the -da infinitive? The -da form is given here in brackets. Change the forms where necessary. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kas ta peab õues (mängida)? Kas te armastate kinos (käia)? Kas te lähete uut filmi (vaadata)? Ma ei või palju kohvi (juua). Mul ei ole aega (tulla). Mu kõht on tühi, ma tahan (süüa). Põrandat ei tohi (pesta). On vaja kauplusesse (minna). Tule minu juurde juttu (ajada). Vihma hakkab (sadada). Väga meeldiv teid siin (näha). Word formation with suffixes In the text above we encountered the word pakikene ‘little packet’, which is a diminutive of pakk. Diminutive endings are just one example of the many ways in which suffixes and other affixes enrich and add subtlety to the Estonian language. Here is a short list of some more examples, for reference: Nouns For an agent or a person: -ja: ehitaja ‘builder’; õpetaja ‘teacher’ -ur: kaevur ‘miner’; sõdur ‘soldier’ -nik: kunstnik ‘artist’; elanik ‘resident’ -lane: eestlane ‘Estonian’; prantslane ‘Frenchman’ -line: tööline ‘worker’; abiline ‘assistant’ -ik: isik ‘person’; keemik ‘chemist’ -nna: inglanna ‘Englishwoman’; lauljanna ‘female singer’ -tar: poolatar ‘Polish woman’, tantsijatar ‘female dancer’ For an instrument: -ja: raadiosaatja ‘radio transmitter’; müürilõhkuja ‘battering-ram’ -ur: pidur ‘brake’; vedur ‘locomotive’ 192 Unit 20: Jõulud For an action or result of an action: -mine: elamine ‘living’; õppimine ‘learning’ -us: seadus ‘law’; võitlus ‘combat’ -is: keedis ‘jam, preserve’; täidis ‘filling’ -e: hüpe ‘jump’; mõte ‘thought’ -ng: istung ‘session’; loeng ‘lecture’ -nd: asend ‘position’; erand ‘exception’ For a place, entity or grouping: -la: haigla ‘hospital’; söökla ‘cafeteria’ -stik: sõnastik ‘glossary’; mäestik ‘mountain range’ -kond: õhkkond ‘atmosphere’; vesikond ‘river basin’ -istu: järvistu ‘lake system’; kalmistu ‘graveyard’ -ndik: lagendik ‘plain’; põlendik ‘burnt woodland’ -ndus: kirjandus ‘literature’; majandus ‘economy’ -ik: kaasik ‘birch grove’; madalik ‘lowland’ Diminutives (indicating smallness or affection): -ke(ne): lapseke(ne) ‘kid(die)’; emake(ne) ‘mummy’ -u: kiisu ‘pussy’; poisu ‘laddie, sonny’ Adjectives For presence or abundance of qualities: -ne: kuldne ‘golden’; talvine ‘wintry’ -line: keeleline ‘linguistic’; tehniline ‘technical’ -lik: lapselik ‘childish’; piltlik ‘figurative’ -jas: klaasjas ‘glassy’; tuhkjas ‘ashen’ -kas: andekas ‘talented’; naljakas ‘jocular’ -lane: haiglane ‘sickly’; kerglane ‘frivolous’ For absence of qualities: -tu: kasutu ‘useless’; südametu ‘heartless’ Verbs Expressing causation: -ta-: õpetama ‘teach’; kasutama ‘use’ Expressing reflexivity or intransitiveness: -u- or -i-: pettuma ‘be disappointed’; säilima ‘be preserved’ 193 Expressing change of state: -ne-: arenema ‘develop’; taganema ‘recede, retreat’ Expressing frequency or repetition: -el-: kõnelema ‘chat’; viljelema ‘cultivate’ -skle-: mõtisklema ‘meditate’; otsisklema ‘search around for’ Expressing reciprocity: -el-/-le-: kauplema ‘trade, bargain’; maadlema ‘wrestle’ Expressing momentariness: -ata-: haugatama ‘bark’; karjatama ‘cry out’ Expressing continuity: -tse-: asetsema ‘be located’; elutsema ‘be living’ Adverbs Of manner: -sti: hästi ‘well’; meelsasti ‘gladly’ -lt: ausalt ‘honestly’; häbematult ‘shamelessly’ -mini: ilusamini ‘(more) beautifully’; õigemini ‘(more) rightly’ -si: ilmsi ‘really, in real life’; jalgsi ‘on foot’ Of time: -ti: hommikuti ‘in the mornings’; õhtuti ‘in the evenings’ Of place or position: -li: istuli ‘sitting’; põlvili ‘on one’s knees’ -kuti: vastakuti ‘face to face’ Revision: Units 1–20 Exercise 1 Insert the correct case of the words in brackets: 1 Andke mulle (külm vesi)! 2 Tarvis on (uus ülikond) osta. 3 Me ootasime (arst) kogu päeva. 194 Unit 20: Jõulud 4 5 6 7 Kas sa viisid kirja (post)? Ma tutvustan (teie) oma (sõber). Palun tutvustage (mina) (tema). Kas te olete (ise) juba pesnud? Exercise 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the impersonal (a) present and (b) past tense: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hommikul ( jooma) kohvi, õhtul teed. Haigele (tooma) kohe arst. Mis keelt seal (kõnelema)? Mis ajal (sööma) Eestis õhtust? Eestist (sõitma) edasi Soome ja Rootsi. Ärid (sulgema) kell viis. Millal (avama) see äri? Exercise 3 Translate into Estonian: 1 Estonia is one of (= partitive) the youngest countries in Europe. 2 The most important work in Estonian literature in the 19th century was the epic Kalevipoeg. 3 Today we had the hottest day of the year. 4 I got for myself the most comfortable room in this hotel. 5 What is the highest mountain in (= of) Estonia? 6 This is the most expensive hotel in the whole town. 7 What is the oldest university in Europe? Exercise 4 Put these sentences into reported (indirect) discourse: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 See laps ei käi koolis. Spordiseltsid korraldavad sel aastal palju võistlusi. Onu ei laena talle raha. Selles koolis õpib ka välismaalasi. See kino kuulub ühele ameeriklasele. Tema pea valutab. Ta ei armasta oma naist. Unit 1 Exercise 2 Sina elad Tartus. Tema elab Tallinnas. Meie elame Rakveres. Teie elate Narvas. Nemad elavad Eestis. Sina töötad kaubamajas. Tema töötab majas. Meie töötame ülikoolis. Teie töötate koolis. Nemad töötavad Tallinnas. Exercise 3 1 Kuidas Piret elab? 2 Tema elab hästi. 3 Kus tema õpib? 4 Tema õpib Tartu Ülikoolis. 5 Kus Tõnu töötab? 6 Tõnu töötab Tallinna Kaubamajas. Exercise 4 1 Piret on noor naine. 2 Ta õpib Tartu Ülikoolis. 3 See on ülikoolilinn. 4 See asub Lõuna-Eestis. 5 Ta on noor mees. 6 Jah, ta on Pireti vana sõber. 7 Ta elab Tallinnas. 8 Ta elab ka Tallinas. 9 Jah, see on Eesti pealinn. 10 Pealinnas on kaubamaja. 11 Ta töötab kaubamajas. Unit 2 Exercise 1 1 Ma ei ole. 2 Ma ei näe. 3 Ma ei lähe. 4 Ma ei vabanda. 5 Ma ei õpi. Exercise 2 mina palun sina palud mina tean sina tead mina tulen sina tuled mina räägin sina räägid 196 Key to exercises tema palub meie palume teie palute nemad paluvad tema teab meie teame teie teate nemad teavad tema tuleb meie tuleme teie tulete nemad tulevad tema räägib meie räägime teie räägite nemad räägivad Exercise 3 1 Tõnu Tamme ei ole siin. 2 Piretit ei ole linnas. 3 Mina ei küsi, kus ta on. 4 Teda ei ole ka kodus. 5 Mina ei tule veel, tulen natuke hiljem. 6 Mina räägin inglise keelt. Exercise 4 1 Meie ei tea seda kooli. 2 Tema ei tunne Tallinna. 3 Mina ei tunne kaubamaja. 4 Teie ei tea seda kauplust. 5 Mina ei tunne seda poissi. Exercise 5 1 Ma lähen kuhugi. 2 Tõnu läheb kaubamajja. 3 Piret läheb linna. 4 Nad lähevad kinno. 5 Me ei lähe kuhugi. 6 Võib-olla ma lähen koju. 7 Ma mõtlen, et võib-olla läheme linna. Exercise 6 A: B: A: B: A: B: A: Vabandage, kas te teate, kus Tõnu on? Jah, ta tuleb varsti linna. Ega te ei tea, kus ta on? Ei, ma ei tea. Võib-olla ta on juba linnas. Ei, ma tean, et ta ei ole seal. Võib-olla ta on kaubamajas. Ma tean, et ta läheb täna kaubamajja. Tänan, ma tulen natuke hiljem. Exercise 7 1 Ma ei tunne Tallinna. Me sõidame Tallinna/Tallinnasse. 2 Tartut. Tartu/Tartusse. 3 Pärnut. Pärnu/Pärnusse. 4 Soomet. Soome/Soomesse. 5 Lätit. Lätti. 6 Leedut. Leetu. 7 Niguliste kirikut. Niguliste kirikusse. 8 Rootsit. Rootsi. 9 Saksamaad. Saksamaale. 197 Exercise 8 1 Ta elab oma isa ja ema juures. 2 Õhtuti on ta kodus. 3 Ta tahab näha Piretit. 4 Ta küsib, kas Piret tahab välja minna. 5 Nad lähevad kinno. Unit 3 Exercise 1 1 sind. 2 ühe kohvi. 3 koera. 4 Pireti. Exercise 2 1 kaks kohvi ja viis saiakest. 2 kolm kohvi ja kaks võileiba. 3 viis kohvi ja neli saiakest. 4 üheksa klaasi piima. 5 neli tassi teed. 6 kolm musta kohvi. 7 seitse klaasi vett. Exercise 3 mulle; sulle; Mulle; kohv; kreemikook; oli sinu meelest; väga; olin; väsinud; pean; elad; sõidad. Exercise 4 1 Ma pean varsti koju minema. 2 Oma eesti sõbraga pead sa eesti keelt rääkima. 3 Seal peab olema ülikool. Ma pean teadma, kus see on. 4 Sina pead sageli meie kaubamajas käima. 5 Ma pean helistama koju, aga enne pean veel natukene ootama. 6 Meie sõbrad peavad inglise keelt õppima. Exercise 5 1 Ta sõidab linnast linna. 2 Ma tulen varsti koju. Oota mind. 3 Sina olid seal kell kaheksa. Kus tema oli? 4 Tiina tuleb kinno koos sõbraga. 5 Ma ei tule koos teiega, olen liiga väsinud. 6 Ma tulen rongiga, aga võib-olla on kuue paiku liiga vara. Exercise 6 Use your own imagination here. Exercise 7 1 Mina elasin Rakveres. 2 Ta helistas Pärnusse. 3 Poiss ootas kaua. 4 Film oli hea, ja väga huvitav ka. 5 Reis oli pikk, umbes seitse 198 Key to exercises tundi. 6 Ma sõitsin bussiga Tallinnast Kohtla-Järvele. 7 Kas sinu meelest oli kohv hea? Exercise 8 1 Jah, Tõnu tellib kohvi Piretilegi. 2 Jah, Piret joob kohvi koorega. 3 Jah, oli, aga ta oli liiga väsinud. 4 Ta peab Tartusse sõitma. 5 Ei, ta sõidab rongiga. 6 Tõnul on vaba päev. 7 Ei, ta ei tea seda. 8 Ago. 9 Jah, ka tema vend sõidab Tartusse. 10 Ta sõidab bussiga. Language in use 1 reisirong. 2 hommikukohv. 3 kellaaeg. 4 meelerahu. 5 bussijaam. Unit 4 Exercise 1 Kell on: 1 üheksa. 2 kümme minutit üks läbi (üks ja kümme minutit). 3 kakskümmend viis minutit kaksteist läbi. 4 kolmteist minutit seitse läbi. 5 kakskümmend kaheksa minutit viis läbi. 6 pool seitse. 7 kolmveerand üheksa. 8 üksteist minutit kaksteist läbi. Exercise 2 1 kuusteist. 2 kaheksakümmend neli. 3 üheksasada seitsekümmend kolm. 4 kakssada kolmkümmend kolm. 5 tuhat kaheksasada neliteist. 6 tuhat üheksasada üheksakümmend kaks. Exercise 3 1 kakskümmend viis minutit seitse läbi. 2 veerand üheksa. 3 kell üheksa. 4 kell üks. 5 pool viis. 6 kakskümmend minutit viis läbi. 7 kell üksteist. Exercise 4 1 Piret peab minema ülikooli. 2 Nad tahavad linna näha. 3 Pireti loeng lõpeb kell kolm. 4 Ta lubas neid oodata ülikooli peahoone ees. 5 Nad vaatavad umbes poolteist tundi Tartus ringi. Exercise 5 1 Ma lähen ülikoolini. 2 Toomas ootab kaubamaja ees. 3 Ago tahab linnas ringi vaadata. 4 Kas ma võin sinult ülikooli kohta küsida? 199 5 Ma sõitsin kella poole kümneni. 6 Rong sõitis Tartuni. 7 Vaata! Nad läksid peahooneni! 8 Nende sõber oli neil vastas. 9 Nende sõbrad ootasid kella poole neljani. Exercise 6 1 Piret. 2 Kolmveerand seitse. 3 Ülikooli. 4 Ülikooli peahoone ees. 5 Nelikümmend viis. 6 Viisteist. Exercise 7 1 Kuus. 2 Kell 7. 12 (kaksteist seitse läbi). 3 0211. 4 40 (nelikümmend) minutit. 5 Kaks tundi kümme minutit. 6 38 (kolmkümmend kaheksa) minutit. 7 0010. 8 Kell 20. 54 (kakskümmend viiskümmend neli). 9 Esmaspäev – Laupäev, Esmaspäev – Reede, Reede, Pühapäev. Unit 5 Exercise 1 1 Ei, tädi loeb raamatut. 2 Ei, onu loeb ajalehte. 3 Onu istub tugitoolis. 4 Tõnu ja Paul tulevad külla. 5 Jah, terve pere on kodus. Exercise 2 1 Nad on tulnud Tallinnast. 2 Nad on istunud. 3 Nad on saanud tuttavaks kahe lapsega. 4 Ta on vaatanud televiisorit. 5 Toomas on mänginud autoga. Exercise 3 1 Siin on mu vana sõber Toomas, kes tuli täna. 2 Kas sa juba loed mu raamatut? 3 Kas sa ei olegi veel magama läinud, väikemees? 4 Kes istub ja vaatab televiisorit? 5 Tere tulemast meie koju! Exercise 4 1 Ära tule/Ärge tulge liiga vara! 2 Ära tõuse/Ärge tõuske homme hommikul! 3 Ära astu/Ärge astuge sisse! 4 Ära loe/Ärge lugege mu lehte! 5 Ära istu/Ärge istuge seal! Istu/Istuge siia kahe hea lapse juurde! 6 Ära sõida/Ärge sõitke koos Agoga Tartusse! Jää/Jääge Tallinna! 200 Revision: Units 1–5 Exercise 1 1 Kas sa oled (olnud) siin juba kaua? Kas sa ei ole siin kaua olnud? 2 Kas sinu sõber on ka siin? Kas sinu sõpra pole ka siin? 3 Kas te olete juba söönud? Kas te ei ole veel söönud? 4 Kas ta on teile linna näidanud? Kas ta ei ole teile linna näidanud? 5 Kas sa tunned Tartut? Kas sa ei tunne Tartut? 6 Kas siin on kaubamaja? Kas siin kaubamaja pole? 7 Kas sa oled täna kodus? Kas sind ei ole täna kodus? Exercise 2 1 lähete. 2 käivad. 3 meeldib. 4 elate. 5 võime, soovite. 6 tunnen. 7 kirjutate. Exercise 3 1 sa. 2 Me. 3 Ma. 4 Me. 5 nad. 6 Me. 7 Ma. Exercise 4 1 Me ei pea täna ülikooli minema. 2 Me ei ela Tallinnas. 3 Mu vanem tütar ei käi lasteaias. 4 Ma ei armasta teda. 5 Me ei tunne linna ümbrust hästi. 6 Tädi ei tule meile jaama vastu. 7 Ta ei tule külasta meid homme. Exercise 5 1 Tädi. 2 Venna. 3 Tartus. 4 Tallinnast. 5 Itaalias. 6 Itaaliasse. 7 kohvikust; tundi. Unit 6 Exercise 1 1 Halloo! 2 Jah, Peeter räägib. 3 Tere. 4 Ei ole. 5 Ta tuleb hiljem. 6 Teda ei ole ka kodus. 7 Ma ei tea. 8 Neid ei ole. 9 Olen. 10 Lähen kontserdile. 11 Kell kaheksa. 12 Nägemiseni! Exercise 4 tööd; raamatud; raamatukogud; kinod; koolid; lasteaiad; tütred; tütarlapsed. 201 Exercise 5 1 Minu onu on veel noor, aga mu tädi on noorem. 2 Kas see on su vanem tütar? 3 Meie kool on natuke suurem kui teie kool. 4 Mul ei ole väiksemat õde. 5 Teil on suurem aed kui meil. 6 Üleeilne film oli veel pikem. 7 Iga päevaga lähevad loengud natuke kergemaks. 8 Mu vanema venna naine on veel õpilane. Exercise 7 1 Kaks. 2 Teisipäeval kell 14. 3 Kaks. 4 Esmaspäeval kell 13. 30 ja kolmapäeval 12. 40. Unit 7 Exercise 1 1 Ma ootasin sind poole üheksani. 2 Ta läks bussipeatuseni. 3 Kas te ootate mind? 4 Kas sa ootasid mind kolmveerand neli? 5 Ma ootasin sind (kuni) veerand viieni. 6 Sa võid mind oodata, aga ma ei tule siia. 7 Ma ei oota teda, ja teda ei ole siin ka. Exercise 2 1 7. 50. 2 0. 68. 3 3. 90. 4 2. 75. 5 0. 65. 6 1. 27. 7 0. 32. 8 0. 70. Unit 8 Exercise 1 1 kolmeks kuuks. 2 üheks päevaks. 3 paariks tunniks. 4 pooleks aastaks. 5 pikaks ajaks. Exercise 2 1 õpetajaks. 2 autojuhiks. 3 arstiks. 4 eraettevõtjaks/ärimeheks. 5 kohtunikuks. Exercise 3 1 suveks. 2 koolivaheajaks. 3 pühapäevaks. 4 hetkeks. 5 kuueks tunniks. 6 seitsmeteistkümneks nädalaks. 202 Exercise 4 1 talveks. 2 laupäevaks. 3 tänaseks. 4 homseks. 5 kolmapäevaks. Exercise 6 1 Ma käisin/käiksin linnas ringi. 2 Ma andsin/annaksin talle särgi. 3 Ma tõusin/tõuseksin juba kell kuus. 4 Me tahtsime/tahaksime koju minna. 5 Kas te sõitsite/sõidaksite linna? 6 Tema pesu sai/saaks mustaks. 7 Sa maksid/maksaksid talle liiga palju. 8 Ma tundsin/ tunneksin seda meest hästi. Unit 9 Exercise 1 1 Pluus on saanud mustaks. 2 Ma olen vaadanud televiisorit. 3 Need kolm last on mänginud juba kaua. 4 Ta on otsustanud koju minna. 5 Me oleme ostnud palju rohkem kingi kui vaja. 6 Minu riietus on ikka sõltnud ilmast. Exercise 2 1 pikemad, soojemad. 2 kõige suurem. 3 rohkem. 4 kõige ilusam. 5 paremad. Exercise 3 1 tema or temaga. 2 minule. 3 teil; meiega. 4 nende. 5 Sellel; kellega. 6 mille. 7 nende. Language in use 2 rohelise; punase; musta; valge; sinise; roosa; pruuni; kollase; halli. Unit 10 Exercise 1 huvitavam, igavam, ilusam, kaunim, kuulsam, paksem, pilvisem, raskem, suurem, tuulisem, tähtsam, uuem, vabam. 203 Exercise 2 1 Kui ma oleksin teadnud, et sa tuled Tallinna, ma oleksin tulnud vastu. 2 Ma oleksin tahtnud sõita suveks Soome, aga on juba sügis. 3 Kui te ei oleks meid külla kutsunud, oleksime sõitnud mere äärde. 4 Me annaksime palju, kui me võiksime teiega rääkida. 5 Ei oleks sügis, kui ei sajaks vihma. 6 Eestis on päevad suvel pikad, ja talvel lühikesed. 7 Paluksin kaks kohvi ja kreemikoogi. Exercise 3 Õhus on kevade hõngu Alanud nädalal kujundavad Põhja-Euroopa ilma Atlandilt üle Briti saarte liikuvad madalrõhkkonnad. Need kannavad sajupilvi ida suunas, kus aga Skandinaavia mäestik nende kiirele liikumisele lõpu teeb; üle mägede pääsevad vähesed. Eesti jääb madalrõhkkondade kaguserva ning ajuti liiguvad üle meie sajupilved. Lõunatuuled kannavad meile sooja õhku ning kuigi nädala algpoolel võib sadada veel lund ja lörtsi, tuleb teisel poolel sadu peamiselt vihmana. Täna pilvisus hõreneb. Kirde-Eestis tuleb hommikupoole veel kerget lund. Revision: Units 6–10 Exercise 1 1 pojale ülikonna. 2 mehelt kirja. 3 üliõpilasele. 4 lauale. 5 pakki isalt. 6 mäelt. 7 müüjale. Exercise 2 1 Kas te joote kohvi piimaga või ilma piimata? 2 Me läksime koos sõbraga linna vaatama. 3 Millal te temaga tutvusite? 4 Me sõitsime rongiga maale. 5 Lapsed jäid täna ilma lõunata. 6 See tuba on ilma voodita. 7 Ta tuli meie poole ilma kingadeta. Exercise 3 1 Rakverre kaheks nädalaks. 2 lapsena. 3 lõunaks, (kuni) kella neljani. 4 neljapäevaks. 5 müüjaks kuni möödunud aastani. 6 tunniks ajaks. 7 homseks. 204 Exercise 4 1 Siin õppis palju üliõpilasi. 2 Kas te juba pesite? 3 Me käisime linnas koolis. 4 Kas õpilased kartsid seda õpetajat? 5 Kas sa tõusid täna hommikul vara? 6 Millal te välja tulite? 7 Kas sa ehitasid uue maja? Exercise 5 1 kolmteist minutit neli läbi. 2 üksteist minutit kaks läbi. 3 kümme minutit üksteist läbi. 4 kolme minuti pärast kuus. 5 kahekümne kahe minuti pärast seitse. 6 üheksateist minutit kümme läbi. 7 pool üheksa. Unit 11 Exercise 1 1 mune, herneid, kooke. 2 kindaid, salle, särke. 3 musti kingi, vanu kirikuid, ilusaid parke. 4 kohvikuid, raamatukogusid, maju. 5 kohvreid, puuvilju, aluspükse. Exercise 2 1 Ära osta/Ärge ostke. 2 Ära tee/Ärge tehke. 3 Ära vii/Ärge viige. 4 Ära karda/Ärge kartke. 5 Ära pane/Ärge pange. 6 Ära õmble/ Ärge õmmelge. 7 Ära unusta/Ärge unustage. Exercise 3 1 Osta endale mõned uued riided! 2 Ta ei rääkinud midagi endast. 3 Nad mõtlevad ainult iseendale. 4 Kas te ei oska end ise aidata? 5 Meie ise teame väga vähe oma maast. 6 Ta kirjutas selle ise. Exercise 4 1 You’re coming tomorrow, are you? 2 We’re going home soon, aren’t we? 3 We’re going home, are we? 4 You have only a little money, haven’t you? 5 The bus leaves at half past nine, doesn’t it? 6 You’ve been to the shop already, have you? 7 You’ve been to the shop already, haven’t you? Exercise 5 kartuleid; porgandeid; õunu; maasikaid; tomateid. 205 Exercise 6 1 Tuhat kakssada üheksateist(kümmend). 2 Tuhat nelisada kolmkümmend kolm. 3 Tuhat seitsesada kümme. 4 Tuhat üheksasada nelikümmend neli. 5 Tuhat üheksasada kaheksateist(kümmend) ja tuhat üheksasada üheksakümmend üks. Unit 12 Exercise 1 1 Kelleks sa noorena saada tahtsid? 2 Ma tahtsin saada rikkaks näitlejaks ja töötada kolm päeva nädalas. Ja kelleks sina tahtsid saada? 3 Mina tahtsin saada õpetajaks kolmetunnise tööpäevaga. 4 Mida sa tahad õppida? 5 Ma tahan õppida inseneriks. Exercise 2 1 Ma ei tahtnud seda sööki süüa. 2 Me ei läinud kauplusse. 3 Sa ei olnud noorena väga ilus. 4 Vihm ei meeldinud mulle. 5 Kas te ei sõitnud rongiga Venemaale? 6 Ülikoolis ta ei õppinud majandusteadust. 7 Ma ei pannud raha taskusse. 8 Teie palk ei sõltunud haridusest. Exercise 3 müüja, laulja, teenija, sõitja, jooksja, armastaja, tõlkija. Language in use 1 Relatives of Voldemar Madisso. 2 Music teachers. 3 Organ, violin. 4 Three. 5 Beechwood. 6 A ‘solo’ guitar with amplifier. 7 A young man with knowledge of bookkeeping, banking and English. 8 Secretary-lawyer (English needed); District manager. 9 A child’s bicycle with a yellow-green frame, with wider tyres than normal, on 31 September. 10 Every week, with a room in a high-quality seaside hotel, two meals per day, airline tickets, bus transfer, individual service. 11 The partner must pay for the court. 12 To value antique furniture. 13 Tiiu. 206 Unit 13 Exercise 1 1 Minu onu Vello seisis kooli ees. 2 Paar kassi magas laua all. 3 Ma võtsin oma kohvri voodi alt välja enne reisi. 4 Keset linna on väike kirik. 5 Selle väikse kiriku lähedal kohtasin ma oma õemeest. 6 Enne kolmapäeva tahan ma sõita Helsingisse. 7 Raudteejaama kõrval on bussipeatus. 8 Kaks sõpra jalutas koos piki kallast. 9 Sinu tädi tuleb üle silla bussiga. Exercise 2 1 kohanud. 2 Piretil. 3 venna. 4 Tallinnas. 5 instituudis. 6 abikaasa. 7 poeg. 8 tütar. 9 käi. 10 juures. 11 tahaks. 12 on. 13 juures. 14 nädalas. 15 möödunud. 16 õe. 17 Neil. 18 kuhu. 19 sellel. 20 tagasi. 21 ema. 22 teiste. 23 õemehe. 24 ämm. 25 üksmeelselt. 26 kõik (koos). 27 sõidab. 28 peale. 29 neil. 30 Nende. 31 käivad. 32 igal. 33 Emilyga. 34 korjamas. Exercise 4 1 Nad olid kõik saalis mängimas ja laulmas. 2 Minu onu on haige, ja ma arvan et ta on suremas. 3 Vabas Eestis on kasvamas terve uus põlvkond. 4 Ta on praegu Soomes käimas. 5 Ta käis Eestis eesti keelt õppimas. Language in use Examples: Islandilt, islandlane, islandi; Inglismaalt, inglane [note! ], inglise; Prantsusmaalt, prantslane, prantsuse; Hollandist, hollandlane, hollandi; Hispaaniast, hispaanlane, hispaania; Belgiast, belglane, prantsuse/hollandi; Saksamaa, sakslane, saksa; Norrast, norralane, norra; Rootsist, rootslane, rootsi; Taanist, taanlane, taani; Tsˇehhimaalt, tsˇehh, tsˇehhi; Poolast, poolakas [note! ], poola; Slovakkiast, slovakk, slovakki; Venemaalt, venelane, vene; Lätist, lätlane, läti; Leedust, leedulane, leedu; Horvaatiast, horvaat, horvaadi; Ungarist, ungarlane, ungari; Iirimaalt, iirlane, iiri/inglise; Portugalist, portugaallane, portugali; Austriast, austerlane, saksa; Sˇveitsist, sˇveitslane, itaalia/saksa/prantsuse; Sloveeniast, sloveen, sloveeni; [not on map:] Kreekast, kreeklane, kreeka –jne. 207 Unit 14 Exercise 1 1 käest. 2 ära/välja. 3 ära/maha. 4 vastu. 5 läbi. 6 kätte. 7 ümber. 8 maha. 9 üles. 10 ringi. Exercise 2 1 Nüüd on kõige parem tuul. 2 Me peaksime saama kõige ilusama sõidu. 3 See on kindlasti kõige huvitavam. 4 Kaugelt tuleb kõige suurem laev. 5 Siit võin kogu Tallinna kõige paremini näha. 6 Siin merel on kõige suurem tuul. 7 Ma olen kõige suurema tuulega merel olnud. 8 Lähme rannast kõige kaugemale. 9 Kõige suurema tuulega jään ma merehaigeks. Unit 15 Exercise 1 1 see tükk. 2 selle tüki. 3 seda tükki. 4 seda tükki. 5 seda tükki. Exercise 2 1 üks. 2 Missuguse, suurema, väiksema. 3 keskmine. 4 Valige. 5 selle tüki. 6 See, grammi. 7 kõik. 8 järgmine. Exercise 4 Köögiviljad pestakse, puhastatakse, kooritakse ja tükeldatakse. Keetetakse pehmeks vees, millele on lisatud võid ja soola. Lisatakse lahjendatud piimale. Maitsestatakse soola ja võiga. Exercise 5 Pese värsked seened kiiresti ja kuivata; kui on vajalik, siis kupata. Tükelda seened, kuumuta rasvas, lisa sibul, siis kuivikupuru; kuumuta ning lisa piim. Keeda. Maitsesta hapukoore ja valge pipraga. Serveeri keedetud või praetud kartulite ja toorsalatiga. 208 Revision: Units 11–15 Exercise 1 1 kroonideks. 2 arstidele. 3 paatidega. 4 Võistlustest, sportlasi. 5 vendadelt. 6 üliõpilastega. 7 pankadesse. Exercise 2 1 Ma olen talle palju raha laenanud. 2 Me ei ole selles kinos käinud. 3 Kas sa ei ole kuulnud, et ta on linnast ära sõitnud? 4 Me ei ole kunagi lapsi linna kaasa võtnud. 5 Me ei ole eesti keelt õppinud. 6 Kas nad on juba Pirital käinud? 7 Me oleme sageli selles jões ujunud. Exercise 3 1 Toit restoranis ei olnud talle maitsnud. 2 Ta oli juba eile ennast halvasti tundnud. 3 Miks ta ei olnud arsti kutsunud? 4 Kingad olid talle kitsad olnud. 5 Nad läksid panka raha vahetama. 6 Me ei ole veel läinud linna vaatama. 7 Ta ei olnud seda tuba võtnud. Exercise 4 1 Ma kirjutaksin talle, kui ma teaksin ta aadressi. 2 Sa ei jääks hiljaks, kui sa kiiremini sõidaksid. 3 Ma oleksin täna ujuma läinud, kui ilm oleks soojem olnud. 4 Nad oleksid arsti kutsunud, kui haige oleks seda soovinud. 5 Mu vend lõpetaks ülikooli, kui ta õpiks hästi. 6 Kui tuul oleks suur, jääksin ma merehaigeks. 7 Oleks olnud parem, kui sa ei oleks seda unustanud. Exercise 5 1 kutsuja, kutsumine. 2 sööja, söömine. 3 käija, käimine. 4 saatja, saatmine. 5 maksja, maksmine. 6 tegija, tegemine. 7 õppija, õppimine. Unit 16 Exercise 1 1 19. sajandi algul. 2 1858. aastal. 3 Fr. R. Faehlmann ja Fr. Kreutzwald. 4 Kalevala. 5 Tsensuuri tõttu. 209 Exercise 2 Tammsaare: tuhat kaheksasada seitsekümmend kaheksa, tuhat üheksasada nelikümmend. Tuglas: tuhat kaheksasada kaheksakümmend kuus, tuhat üheksasada seitsekümmend üks. Liiv: tuhat kaheksasada kuuskümmend neli, tuhat üheksasada kolmteist. Exercise 3 1 Ostkem rongipilet. 2 Magagem siin täna öösel. 3 Tehkem meresõit Tallinna lahel. 4 Ärgem muretsegem tema pärast, mingem ilma temata. 5 Saagem tuttavaks. 6 Ärgem mingem täna vihmaga välja. 7 Söögem! 8 Sõitkem Lätti! Exercise 4 1 kahekümne neljas juuli tuhat üheksasada kuuskümmend kolm. 2 viies aprill tuhat ükssada kaheksakümmend viis. 3 kahekümne seitsmes november tuhat üheksasada kolmkümmend kaks. 4 Lydia Koidula sündis kahekümne neljandal detsembril tuhande kaheksasaja neljakümne kolmandal aastal ja suri üheteistkümnendal augustil tuhande kaheksasaja kaheksakümne kuuendal aastal. 5 Alles tuhande üheksasaja neljakümne kuuendal aastal maeti ta Tallinna. 6 Ma ootan oma sõpra kahekümne kaheksandast maist saadik, aga mulle räägiti, et ta on välismaal kuni üheteistkümnenda juunini. 7 Pood avati kahekümne üheksandal septembril kahe tuhande kaheksandal aastal. Unit 17 Exercise 1 1 kes oskab inglise keelt. 2 kes käivad mägedes. 3 mis huvitab väga. 4 kes mängib aias. 5 kes ootab jaamas. 6 mis seisab peatuses. 7 kes istuvad koolis. 8 kes õpib arstiteadust. Exercise 2 B2, A5, V2, V1, V1, B2, A3, A4, B2, V2 210 Unit 18 Exercise 1 1 Rohukülla. 2 Suur-Munamägi. 3 Lõuna-Eestis. 4 Kuressaare. 5 Puutumatu looduse poolest. 6 Eesti lääne rannal. 7 Sõita praamiga Muhu saarele, ja sealt edasi. 8 Nad otsustavad koos mööda ringi sõita. Language in use 1 Valga. 2 45 228 km2 3 Tartus Raekoja platsil. 4 Ei. 5 Peipsi järv. 6 Peipsi järve. 7 Peipsi. 8 Umbes 400 000 elanikku. 9 Suur Munamägi. 10 Muhu ja Saaremaa vahele. 11 Rohuküla. 12 Pärnu. 13 Ei. 14 Värskas. 15 Saaremaa. 16 87 km. 17 Hiiumaal. 18 Viisteist. 19 Umbes 100 km. (täpsemalt 101 km. ) 20 Peipsi järves. Unit 19 Exercise 1 1 Eestis käies peatus ta Tallinnas. 2 Ma kohtasin teda rongi oodates. 3 Me käisime kingi ostes mitmes poes. 4 Tänaval kõndides kohtas Tõnu oma vana sõpra Piretit. 5 Pilti vaadates tundsin ta ära. 6 Ema tulles lapsed mängisid. Exercise 2 1 Merel sõites saime me külma. 2 Kirja kirjutades tegin ma vea. 3 Restoranis lõunat süües nägime me seal oma naabrit. 4 Kas sa tutvusid ülikoolis õppides paljude välismaalastega? 5 Kingi otsides käisid nad peaaegu kõigis kauplustes. 6 Maal elades käisin ma üsna sageli naabrite juures. Exercise 3 seitsmeteistkümnes, viiesaja viies, kaheksasaja neljakümne neljas, üheksateistkümnes, kuuesaja kaheksakümne kolmas. Language in use 1 On Saturday, at Pirita Sports Centre, Tallinn. 2 Invite a friend. 3 A picnic under the trees in the park. 4 A top athlete from Valga. 5 He praised the event a lot, even though he didn’t win. 6 Combine 211 their schedule with some running, cycling or roller-skating event. 7 Because they would set an example to amateur sportsmen. Unit 20 Exercise 1 1 Sa olevat minu peale jälle valetanud. 2 Ta olevat linnas ringi jooksnud. 3 Ta tahtvat uut korterit. 4 Sa söövat sageli siin. 5 See film olevat hea. 6 Sul olevat auto, millest sa ei ole mulle rääkinud. 7 Ta jätvat teda maha. 8 See toit olevat tervislik. 9 Sa suusatavat iga päev. Exercise 2 käinud; töötanud; söönud; oodanud; suusatanud. Exercise 3 1 mängima. 2 käia. 3 vaatama. 4 juua. 5 tulla. 6 süüa. 7 pesta. 8 minna. 9 ajama. 10 sadama. 11 näha. Revision: Units 1–20 Exercise 1 1 külma vett. 2 uus ülikond. 3 arsti. 4 posti. 5 teid, sõbrale/teile, sõpra. 6 mind, talle/mulle, teda. 7 end. Exercise 2 1 juuakse, joodi. 2 tuuakse, toodi. 3 kõneldakse, kõneldi. 4 süüakse, söödi. 5 sõidetakse, sõideti. 6 suletakse, suleti. 7 avatakse, avati. Exercise 3 1 Eesti on üks Euroopa nooremaid maid. 2 Üheksateistkümnenda sajandi eesti kirjanduse kõige tähtsam teos oli eepos Kalevipoeg. 3 Täna oli meil aasta kõige kuumem päev. 4 Ma sain endale selle hotelli kõige mugavama toa. 5 Milline on Eesti kõige kõrgem mägi? 6 See on kõige kallim hotell terves linnas. 7 Milline on Euroopa kõige vanem ülikool? 212 Exercise 4 1 See laps ei käivat koolis. 2 Spordiseltsid korraldavat sel aastal palju võistlusi. 3 Onu ei laenavat talle raha. 4 Selles koolis õppivat ka välismaalasi. 5 See kino kuuluvat ühele ameeriklasele. 6 Ta pea valutavat. 7 Ta ei armastavat oma naist. Ready-reference Grammar Ready-reference Grammar The tables that follow are intended for reference purposes only; you are not expected to learn them by heart. They consist of: • a table of types of noun and adjective declensions, including the basic case endings on which all other case endings are based • a complete paradigm declension of an adjective with a noun • a complete paradigm verb conjugation, giving all forms Table of types of noun and adjective declensions (‘Gradation’ refers to a change of quality or quantity in the final consonant of the stem) Example Characteristics Genitive singular Partitive sing., pl. Plural affix puu ‘tree’ 1 syllable, no gradation, long vowel: aa, ee, õõ, uu, öö, ää puu puud, puid -de-, -it- koi ‘moth’ 1 syllable, no gradation, diphthong or long vowel: ii, üü koi koid, koisid -de- 214 pesa ‘nest’ 2 syllables, no gradation, short stem vowel, a, i, o, u as final pesa pesa, pesasid seminar ‘seminar’ 4 syllables in genitive, no gradation, ends in um, on, er, ar, är, ov seminari seminari, seminarisid kõne ‘speech’ 2 syllables, no gradation, short stem vowel, ends in e kõne kõnet, kõnesid tubli ‘fine, good’ 2 syllables, no gradation, consonant cluster in stem tubli tublit, tublisid aasta ‘year’ 2 syllables, no gradation, long vowel/consonant aasta aastat, aastaid -te- number ‘number’ 2 syllables, no gradation, long cluster, ends in el, er, en, em, ur numbri numbrit, numbreid õpik ‘textbook’ 3-syllable gen. stem, no gradation õpiku õpikut, õpikuid soolane ‘salty’ 2 syllables, long or short stem vowel, no gradation, ends in ne, s soolase soolast, soolaseid tööline ‘worker’ 2 or 3 syllables, long stem vowel, no gradation, ends in ne, s (-line/-lane) töölise töölist, töölisi raudne ‘iron’ (adj. ) 2 syllables, long stem vowel, consonant precedes final -ne raudse raudset, raudseid 5/30/08, 16:56 215 jalg ‘leg, foot’ nom. 1 syllable, gen. 2 (gradation) jala jalga, jalgu maastik ‘landscape’ nom. in -lik, -stik, -mik, -elm, -kond maastiku maastikku, maastikke -de-, -e- rida ‘row’ nom. 2 syllables, gen. 1 syllable; change in quality rea rida ridu jõgi ‘river’ as above jõge, jõgesid sõber ‘friend’ ends in el, er, i; gen. in weak, part. in strong grade sõbra sõpra, sõpru keel ‘tongue, language’ nom. long vowel + l, m, n, r keele keelt, keeli käsi ‘hand, arm’ nom. 2 syllables including -s-; change in quality käe kätt, käsi uus ‘new’ nom. 1 syllable ending in -s; change in quality uue uut, uusi tütar ‘daughter’ nom. weak, gen. strong grade, ends in l, n, r tütre tütart, tütreid hammas ‘tooth’ nom. strong grade, ends in -s hamba hammast, hambaid mõte ‘thought’ nom. strong grade, ends in -e mõtte mõtet, mõtteid liige ‘member’ nom. strong grade, nom. ends in -e, gen. in -me liikme liiget, liikmeid 216 Table of noun cases Example: kivi ‘stone’ Grammatical cases: Nominative kivi ‘stone’ Genitive kivi ‘of the stone’ Partitive kivi ‘(some of the) stone’ Prepositional cases: Change/ movement into Static position Change/ movement from Internal kivisse ‘into the stone’ (illative) kivis ‘in the stone’ (inessive) kivist ‘from the stone’ (elative) External kivile ‘onto the stone’ (allative) kivil ‘on the stone’ (adessive) kivilt ‘off the stone’ (ablative) Limited kivini ‘up to the stone’ (terminative) Existential kiviks ‘(changed) to stone’ (translative) Instrumental kivina ‘as the stone’ (essive) kiviga ‘with stone’ kivita ‘without stone’ Prepositional cases are based on the genitive stem (sing. kivi-, plur. kivide-). Model declensions with adjectives uus auto ‘new car’, sinine taevas ‘blue sky’ Nominative Genitive Partitive Illative Inessive Elative Allative Adessive Ablative Translative Terminative Essive Abessive Comitative 217 Singular Plural uus auto, sinine taevas uue auto, sinise taeva uut autot, sinist taevast uuesse autosse, sinisesse taevasse uues autos, sinises taevas uuest autost, sinisest taevast uuele autole, sinisele taevale uuel autol, sinisel taeval uuelt autolt, siniselt taevalt uueks autoks, siniseks taevaks uue autoni, sinise taevani uue autona, sinise taevana uue autota, sinise taevata uue autoga, sinise taevaga uued autod, sinised taevad uute autode, siniste taevaste uusi autosid, siniseid taevaid uutesse autodesse, sinistesse taevastesse uutes autodes, sinistes taevastes uutest autodest, sinistest taevastest uutele autodele, sinistele taevastele uutel autodel, sinistel taevastel uutelt autodelt, sinistelt taevastelt uuteks autodeks, sinisteks taevasteks uute autodeni, siniste taevasteni uute autodena, siniste taevastena uute autodeta, siniste taevasteta uute autodega, siniste taevastega Table of verb conjugation Model: paluda ‘request’ A. Personal verb forms Indicative mood Active voice Present positive Negative 1 sing. ma palun ma ei palu sa palud sa ei palu ta palub ta ei palu 1 pl. me palume me ei palu te palute te ei palu nad paluvad nad ei palu 218 Imperfect positive ma palusin ma ei palunud sa palusid sa ei palunud ta palus ta ei palunud me palusime me ei palunud te palusite te ei palunud nad palusid nad ei palunud Perfect positive ma olen palunud ma ei ole palunud sa oled palunud sa ei ole palunud ta on palunud ta ei ole palunud me oleme palunud me ei ole palunud te olete palunud te ei ole palunud nad on palunud nad ei ole palunud Pluperfect positive ma olin palunud ma ei olnud palunud sa olid palunud sa ei olnud palunud ta oli palunud ta ei olnud palunud me olime palunud me ei olnud palunud te olite palunud te ei olnud palunud nad olid palunud nad ei olnud palunud Passive/impersonal voice Present positive: palutakse Negative: ei paluta Imperfect positive: paluti Negative: ei palutud Perfect positive: on palutud Negative: ei ole palutud Pluperfect positive: oli palutud Negative: ei olnud palutud 219 Conditional/subjunctive mood Active voice Present positive ma paluksin ma ei paluks sa paluksid sa ei paluks ta paluks ta ei paluks me paluksime me ei paluks te paluksite te ei paluks nad paluksid nad ei paluks ma oleksin palunud sa oleksid palunud ta oleks palunud me oleksime palunud te oleksite palunud nad oleksid palunud ma ei oleks palunud sa ei oleks palunud ta ei oleks palunud me ei oleks palunud te ei oleks palunud nad ei oleks palunud Oblique form: reported speech Active voice Present positive ma paluvat sa paluvat ta paluvat me paluvat te paluvat nad paluvat ma ei paluvat sa ei paluvat ta ei paluvat me ei paluvat te ei paluvat nad ei paluvat Passive/impersonal voice Present positive: palutavat Perfect positive: olevat palutud Negative: ei palutavat Negative: ei olevat palutud 220 Imperative mood Active voice 2 sing. 3 1 pl. 2 3 Present positive palu palugu palugem paluge palugu ära palu ärgu palugu ärgem palugem ärge paluge ärgu palugu (3rd person) olgu palunud ärgu olgu palunud Passive voice Present positive: palutagu Perfect positive: olgu palutud Negative: ärgu palutagu Negative: ärgu olgu palutud B. Nominal forms -ma infinitive: Illative paluma palumas palumast Translative palumaks Abessive palumata -da infinitive: paludes Present active participle: paluv Past active participle: palunud Present passive participle: palutav Past passive participle: palutud Gerund: palumine Glossary of grammatical terms This list of grammatical terms covers the basic terminology used in the Language Points in this book. The most basic elements of language are: Sentence A complete utterance containing a finite verb. Sentences may be statements, questions or exclamations, and the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence – full stop, question mark or exclamation mark, will indicate which kind of sentence it is. Clause A subsection of a sentence, containing a verb. Clauses may be either main clauses or subordinate clauses. A main clause is one which can stand alone as a complete utterance; a subordinate clause adds information to the main clause and refers back to or depends on it. Subordinate clauses are very often introduced by conjunctions of various kinds, such as ‘when’, ‘if ’, ‘that’, ‘and’, ‘or’. Example: I was thinking that you might be late. (Main clause ‘I was thinking’; subordinate clause introduced by that. ) Unlike English, Estonian always has a comma to separate a main clause from a subordinate one. For example, the preceding sentence would be: Ma mõtlesin, et sa võiksid hilineda. Phrase Any group of words linked together by meaning and function in the sentence. ‘Train’ is a noun, but ‘the freight train’ is a noun phrase, for example. Noun a word that names a thing or living being: for example ‘train’, ‘baby’, ‘pillow’, ‘idea’. Adjective a word that describes the quality of a thing: for example ‘red’, ‘old’, ‘fast’. 222 Glossary of grammatical terms Adverb A word that qualifies an adjective or a verb, such as ‘quickly’, ‘now’, ‘lately’, ‘there’. Pronoun A word which stands in place of a noun, such as ‘he’, ‘you’, ‘it’. Verb A word which describes an action, process or state, such as ‘go’, ‘exist’, ‘travel’. Preposition A word which comes before a noun to express a relationship in time or space, such as ‘before’, ‘on’, ‘with’. Conjunction A word which joins words, phrases or clauses or otherwise establishes a relationship between these elements, such as ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘when’, ‘because’. Postposition A word or particle placed after the word it modifies, such as ‘-ward’ in homeward’. Now let us look at the terms used in this book to refer more specifically to Estonian grammar. Because Estonian is what is called an agglutinating language (one which adds extra syllables or suffixes to the stem of a word to perform various grammatical functions rather than using separate words), we will look at the terms under the broad headings of Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs and Adjectives, as these are the stems to which most of the other elements are added. Nouns Nouns in Estonian have two numbers: singular and plural. They are also declined (modified) according to case by the addition of different suffixes to the stem. Below is a list of the Estonian cases with rough English equivalents of their meanings: nominative accusative genitive the basic uninflected form, the subject of the sentence, the performer of the action of the verb the object of the action of the verb. There is no separate accusative case in Estonian; the direct object of the verb will be in the genitive or the partitive case depending on the nature of the verb indicates possession or having, equivalent to ‘of’ or the possessive ’s in English Glossary of grammatical terms partitive illative inessive elative adessive allative ablative translative terminative essive abessive comitative 223 indicates that something is ‘part of’ something else, rather than total; equivalent to the ‘of’ in English a bag of sugar ‘into, to (the interior of)’ ‘in, inside’ ‘from, about’ ‘on’. This case is also used to indicate the possessor in phrases equivalent to ‘have’ in English ‘to, for’ ‘from, out of’ ‘into the form of’ ‘up to, until’ ‘as’ ‘without’ ‘with’ Pronouns These may be either: personal (‘you, he, him’) demonstrative (‘this, that’) interrogative (‘which?, who? ’) or relative (‘which, that’) All are declined in the same way as nouns. Verbs Verbs are conjugated (modified) according to voice, person, tense, mood and what we might call ‘valency’ (whether they are positive or negative). Voice Can be either active (performing an action) or passive (being acted upon) Passive verbs are sometimes called impersonal in this book because a passive verb can never have a subject (performer of the action) in Estonian. 224 Glossary of grammatical terms Person There are three persons – first (‘I’, ‘we’), second (‘you’) and third (‘he/she/it’, ‘they’). Each person can have either a singular or plural number. Tense In Estonian can be either: present (describing an action current at the time of the utterance) past (or imperfect, describing something that took place prior to the time of the utterance) perfect (describing something that ‘has taken place’) or pluperfect (describing something that ‘had taken place’). Mood The mood of a verb can be: indicative (describing action that is real) subjunctive/conditional (describing action that is putative or projected – where we use ‘would/should/could’ in English, and in clauses starting with ‘if’) imperative (commanding or ordering an action) or oblique or reported (describing an action or state which is said to be the case but which the speaker does not necessarily believe) All the verb forms described above are what we call finite – that is, they are limited in their function by the clause in which they are used. There are also non-finite forms, which are independent of any function in the clause, and they are: infinitive (the basic dictionary form of the verb, the ‘to’ form in English. In Estonian there are two infinitives – and different dictionaries list verbs differently: the -da infinitive, which corresponds to the infinitive in other languages; and the -ma infinitive, which we might call the ‘infinitive of purpose’) gerund (the verb used as a noun, such as ‘sitting’, ‘being’, ‘living’ in English) Participles Verbs used in the function of adjectives, to qualify nouns. They are of four kinds: present active (such as ‘seeing’) present passive (such as ‘visible, to be seen’) past active (‘having seen’) past passive (‘having been seen’) Participles are used more frequently in Estonian than English. 225 Adjectives In Estonian, adjectives are declined like nouns for number and case; they are said to agree with the nouns they qualify. This is true for all the noun cases except the last four listed above under Nouns. Adjectives are also declined for degree. There are three degrees: positive (such as ‘much’); comparative (such as ‘more’); superlative (such as ‘most’). Those adverbs that are formed from adjectives are also declined according to degree. Estonian–English glossary Nouns and adjectives are given in the nominative, genitive and partitive cases. Unless the stem of a noun or adjective changes in the genitive or partitive, only the endings are given after the nominative form. Verb infinitives are given in both the -da and -ma forms. On the basis of these, all other forms can be worked out. A aadress, -i, -i address aasta, –, -t year aastaaeg, -aja, -a season abielluda, -ma marry, get married abikaasa, –, -t spouse, husband, wife abiline, -lise, -list assistant ader, adra, atra plough aed, aia, -a garden aeg, aja, -a time aeglane, -lase, slow -last aga but, however ahi, ahju, ahju stove aidata, aitama help aim, -u, -u inkling, hint aine, –, -t matter, stuff, subject ainult only aitäh! ajajärk, -järgu, -järku ajakiri, -kirja, -kirja ajakirjanik, -u, -ku ajal ( postp. ) ajaleht, -lehe, -lehte ajaloolane, -lase, -last ajalugu, -loo, -lugu ajada, -ma ajendada, -ma aken, akna, -t aktus, -e, -t ala, –, – alasti (indeclinable) thanks! epoch, era magazine journalist at the time of, during newspaper historian history drive cause, provoke window (public) ceremony field, sphere naked Estonian–English glossary alata, algama alati algul algupärane, -se, -st alistuda, -uma all alla alles alus, -e, -t aluspüksid, -pükste, -pükse alussärk, -särgi, -särki amet, -i, -it ametnik, -u, -ku anda, andma andekas, -ka, -kat andmed, -mete, -meid ( pl. ) appihüüd, -hüüu, -hüüdu aprill, -i, -i apteek, apteegi, -i araabia arm, -u, -u armastada, -ma arst, -i, -i arstiteadus, -e, -t aru, –, – (aru saada begin always, ever at first original surrender below, under down only, just, not until ground, base, foundation underpants vest, undershirt post, profession official give talented particulars, information, data call for help April chemist’s shop Arabian grace, mercy, love love doctor medicine, medical science intellect, understanding understand) 227 227 arv, -u, -u arvata, -ma arvestada, -ma arvuti, –, -t asend, -i, -it asetseda, -ma asi, asja, asja astuda, -ma asuda, -ma ateljee, –, -d au, –, – august, -i, -it ausalt ausammas, -samba, -sammast auto, –, -t avada, -ma avaldada, -ma number, quantity think, suppose count, account computer position be located thing, matter walk, join be located, be found studio honour August honestly monument car open express, declare, publish B baas, -i, -i baleriin, -i, -i balti Baltimaad buss, -i, -i (autobuss) base, basis ballerina Baltic the Baltic countries bus D detsember, -bri, -brit diplomaat, -maadi, -maati doktor, -i, -it dollar, -i, -it December diplomat (academic) doctor dollar 228 E ebaõnnestuda, -ma edasi edel, -a, -at eelistada, -ma eelkäija, –, -t eelolev, -a, -t eepos, -e, -t ees ( postp. ) eest ( postp. ) eesti Eesti, –, -t eestlane, -lase, -last ega ehitada, -ma ehitaja, –, -t ehitis, -e, -t ehitus, -e, -t ehk ei (ei midagi eile eks elada, -ma elamine, -mise, -mist elanik, -u, -ku elekter, -tri, -trit elu, –, – elukutse, –, -t elutuba, -toa, – elutseda, -ma ema, –, – enam enamik, -u, -ku fail forward, onward, on south-west prefer predecessor coming, next epic poem before, ahead, in front from before, from, for Estonian Estonia Estonian (person) nor, and not build builder building, edifice building, construction perhaps no, not nothing) yesterday isn’t that so? live, dwell living resident electricity life trade, calling living room be living mother more, longer majority enamlane, -lase, -last enne ennemini ennustada, -ma erinev, -a, -at eraettevõtja, –, -t erutada, -ma esik, -u, -ut esilinastus, -e, -t esimene, -mese, -mest esmaspäev, -a, -a et ette Euroopa, –, -t Bolshevik before ( prep. ) before, rather predict, forecast different, unlike businessman arouse, stimulate entrance (hall) first showing, premiere first Monday that, in order to forward, ahead Europe F film, -i, -i füüsika, –, -t film physics G geograaf, -i, -i gramm, -i, -i geographer gram(me) H haarata, -ma haavata, -ma habe, -me, -t haige, –, -t haigla, –, -t haiglane, -lase, -last hakata, hakkama halb, halva, -a hall, -i, -i hall, -a, -a hallo seize, grab wound beard sick; patient hospital sickly begin nasty, bad grey hoarfrost hello Estonian–English glossary hambaarst, -i, -i hammas, hamba, -t hammustada, -ma hankida, -ma hapu, –, -t hapukapsas, -kapsa, -t dentist tooth bite obtain, procure sour, acid sauerkraut, pickled cabbage hapukoor, -e, -t sour cream hari, harja, harja brush haridus, -e, -t education harilik, -u, -ku usual, common haug, -i, -i pike haukuda, -ma bark hea, –, -d good hea meelega willingly heisata, heiskama hoist heita, heitma throw heliplaat, -plaadi, gramophone -plaati record helistada, -ma ring Helsingi, –, -t Helsinki hernes, herne, -t pea hetk, -e, -e moment higi, –, – sweat hiir, -e, -t mouse hiline, -lise, -list late hiljem later hiljuti lately hind, hinna, -a price hirmus, hirmsa, terrible, awful hirmsat hirv, -e, -e red deer homme tomorrow (adv. ) hommik, -u, -ut morning hool, -e, -t care hoone, –, -t building, edifice hoonestus, -e, -t building hotell, -i, -i hotel hulk, hulga, -a amount, number, crowd 229 229 hunt, hundi, -i huvi, –, – huvitav, -a, -at hõbe, -da, -dat häbematu, –, -t häda, –, – hädavajalik, -u, -ku hämar, -a, -at hämarus, -e, -t härra, –, -t hästi hävitada, -ma hääl, -e, -t hääletada, -ma häälik, -u, -ut wolf interest interesting silver shameless distress, trouble, emergency necessary dim, dusky dusk, twilight gentleman, Mr well destroy voice vote sound (phoneme) hüpata, hüppama jump hüpe, hüppe, -t jump hüüda, hüüdma shout, call I ida, –, – iga, –, – igatsus, -e, -t igav, -a, -at Iirimaa, –, -d ikka ilm, -a, -a ilma ( prep. ) ilu, –, – ilukirjandus, -e, -t ilus, -a, -at imelik, -u, -ku ind, innu, -u inetu, –, -t inglanna, –, -t east each, every yearning, longing tedious, dull Ireland ever, always weather without beauty fiction beautiful strange, odd ardour, enthusiasm ugly Englishwoman 230 Estonian–English glossary inglise Inglismaa, –, -d inimene, -mese, -mest insener, -i, -i instituut, instituudi, -i isa, –, – isamaa, –, -d isamaaline, -lise, -list ise, enda, end iseseisvuda, -ma iseseisvus, -e, -t isik, -u, -ut isiksus, -e, -t iste, istme, -t istuda, -ma istung, -i, -it isu, –, – English England person joosta, jooksma ju engineer institute juba juhataja, –, -t father native country, fatherland patriotic juht, juhi, -i juhtuda, -ma julgeda, -ma Jumal, -a, -at Jumalaga jumalateenistus, -e, -t jurist, -i, -i just jutt, jutu, -u self (gen. own) become independent independence person personality seat sit session appetite, hunger J ja jaam, -a, -a jaanuar, -i, -i jagada, -ma jagu, jao, – jah (jaa) jakk, jaki, -i jalats, -i, -it jalg, jala, jalga jalgratas, -ratta, -t jalutada, -ma joon, -e, -t joonestada, -ma joonestamine, -mise, -mist and station January divide, distribute part, share yes jacket (item of) footwear foot, leg bicycle walk, stroll line draw (technically) drawing jutustada, -ma juua, jooma juuli, –, -t juuni, –, -t juurde ( postp. ) juures ( postp. ) juust, -u, -u jõgi, jõe, jõge jõud, jõu, -du jõuda, jõudma jõulud, -e, jõule Jõuluvana, –, – jälle järel ( postp. ) järele järgi ( postp. ) järgmine, -mise, -mist järsk, järsu, -u järsku run indeed, after all, isn’t that so already teacher, master, mistress driver, leader happen dare God goodbye divine service lawyer just, exactly talk, conversation, story tell, relate drink July June to at cheese river power, force be able, manage, have time to Christmas Father Christmas again after, behind after, behind according to next steep suddenly Estonian–English glossary järv, -e, -e jätkata, -ma jätta, jätma jääda, -ma lake continue leave remain, stay, fall; get, become K ka kaal, -u, -u kaaluda, -ma kaasa kaasas kaasik, -u, -ut kaaslane, -lase, -last kabinet, -i, -ti kadedus, -e, -t kaduda, -ma kael, -a, -a kaevur, -i, -t kagu, –, – kaheksa, –, -t kahetseda, -ma kahju, –, – kahjuks kaitse, –, -t kaks, kahe, kaht kala, –, – kalender, -dri, -drit kallas, kalda, -t kallis, kalli, -t kampsun, -i, -it kana, –, – kanda, kandma kangas, kanga, -t kapp, kapi, -i kapsas, kapsa, -t karjala karjatada, -ma karta, kartma also, too weight weigh (along) with with birch grove companion study envy vanish neck miner southeast eight regret, repent harm, damage unfortunately defence two fish calendar shore dear, expensive jumper, sweater hen carry cloth, textile cupboard cabbage Karelian cry out, scream fear 231 231 potato? (interrogative); either kask, kase, -e birch kass, -i, -i cat kassiir, -i, -i cashier kasu, –, – use kasutada, -ma use kasvada, -ma grow katse, –, -t attempt katta, katma cover kaubamaja, –, – department store kaubandus, -e, -t trade, commerce kaubatee, –, -d trade route kaubelda, trade, bargain kauplema kaubitseda, -ma trade, traffic kauge, –, -t distant, far kaugus, -e, -t distance kaunis, kauni, -t pretty, fair(ly) kaup, kauba, -a commodity, bargain kauplus, -e, -t shop, store kava, –, – plan, schedule keeda, keema boil (intrans. ) keedis, -e, -t jam, preserve keel, -e, -t tongue, language keelata, -ma forbid, prohibit keeleline, -lise, linguistic -list keemia, –, -t chemistry keemik, -u, -ut chemist keemiline, -lise, chemical -list keerata, -ma turn, wind keeta, keetma boil (trans. ) keha, –, – body kehaline, -lise, physical -list kell, -a, -a bell, clock kelm, -i, -i rogue, rascal kena, –, – nice, fine, pretty kartul, -i, -it kas 232 Estonian–English glossary kerge, –, -t kergejõustikuvõistlused kergitada, -ma kerglane, -lase, -last kes, kelle, keda keset keskkool, -i, -i keskmine, -mise, -mist keskne, -se, -set keskpäev, -a, -a keskus, -e, -t kesköö, –, -d kevad, -e, -et kiire, –, -t kiirus, -e, -t kilo(gramm), -i, -i kimp, kimbu, kimpu kindel, kindla, kindlat kindral, -i, -it king, -a, -a kingitus, -e, -t kinnas, kinda, -t kinni kino, –, – kiri, kirja, kirja kirik, -u, -kut kirjakeel, -e, -t kirjalik, -u, -ku kirjandus, -e, -t kirjanik, -u, -ku kirjutada, -ma light, easy athletic competition raise, lift frivolous who in the middle of ( prep. ) secondary school medium, average central midday, noon centre midnight spring quick, urgent, hurrying speed kilogram(me) bundle sure, certain general (n. ) shoe present, gift glove, mitten fast, fixed, closed (adv. ) cinema letter church literary language written literature writer, author write kirjutus, -e, -t kirre, kirde, -t kisa, –, – kiskuda, -ma kitsas, kitsa, -t klaas, -i, -i klassikaline, -lise, -list kleit, kleidi, -i klooster, -tri, -trit kodanlus, -e, -t kodu, –, – koer, -a, -a kogu, –, – koguda, -ma kohalt ( postp. ) kohata, kohtama kohe writing northeast shout, outcry pull, tear narrow, tight glass classical dress monastery, convent bourgeoisie home dog all, whole collect, gather from above meet immediately, at once koht, koha, -a place kohta ( postp. ) about, concerning kohtunik, -u, -ku judge kohupiim, -a, -a curds, cottage cheese kohv, -i, -i coffee kohver, -vri, -vrit case, trunk koi, –, -d moth koju (to) home kokku together kokkulepe, agreement, -leppe, -t understanding kole, -da, -dat horrible, terrible kolida, -ma move, migrate kollane, -lase, yellow -last kolm, -e, -e three kolmapäev, -a, -a Wednesday kolmas, third kolmanda, kolmandat Estonian–English glossary kolmveerand komandeering, -u, -ut komme, kombe, -t kompott, kompoti, -i kompvek, -i, -ki komöödia, –, -t konstitutsioon, -i, -i kontrollida, -ma kontsert, kontserdi, -i kook, koogi, -i kool, -i, -i koondis, -e, -t kooperatiiv, -i, -i koor, -e, -t koorida, -ma koos koosneda, -ma koosolek, -u, -ut koostada, -ma koputada, -ma kord, korra, -a kord korjata, -ma korral ( postp. ) korraldada, -ma korrus, -e, -t korter, -i, -it kosta, kostma kostüüm, -i, -i kott, koti, -i kraad, -i, -i three-quarters, a quarter to mission, business trip way, custom stewed fruit, compote candy, sweet comedy constitution check concert cake school team co-operative (society) cream; skin, rind peel together consist meeting, gathering compose, compile knock, rap order, system, layer, storey, time once (one time) gather, collect in case arrange storey, floor flat, apartment answer, reply (suit) dress bag, sack degree 233 233 kraadiklaas, -i, -i thermometer kraam, -i, -i stuff, things kreem, -i, -i (whipped) cream kriminaalne, criminal -se, -set kroon, -i, -i crown (Estonian currency) Kroonlinn, -a, -a Kronstadt kuhu whither, where to kuhugi (to) somewhere kui when, if, how; than kuid but kuidas how kuigi although kuiv, -a, -a dry kuivatada, -ma dry kujundus, -e, -t shaping, management kujuneda, -ma take shape, form kukkuda, -ma fail, fall kuld, kulla, -a gold kuldne, -se, -set golden kulinaaria, –, -t grocery shop kultuur, -i, -i culture kumada, -ma gleam, glow kumm, -i, -i rubber kummisäärik, rubber boot -u, -kut kuna while, when, as kunagi once, ever kuni until kuningas, king kuninga, kuningat kunst, -i, -i art kunstnik, -u, -ku artist kupatada, -ma parboil, scald kupee, –, -d compartment kurat, kuradi, devil kuradit 234 Estonian–English glossary kurb, kurva, -a kurk, kurgi, -i kurk, kurgu, -u kus kust kutse, –, -t kutsuda, -ma kuu, –, -d kuulda, -ma kuuluda, -ma kuulus, kuulsa, kuulsat kuulutada, -ma kuulutus, -e, -t kuum, -a, -a kuumutada, -ma kuus, kuue, kuut kõdi, –, – kõht, kõhu, -u kõigepealt kõik, kõige, -e kõikjal kõikuda, -ma kõndida, -ma kõne, –, -t kõnelda, -ema kõrge, –, -t kõrgus, -e, -t kõrval ( postp. ) kõrvetada, -ma kõva, –, – käes käest ( postp. ) käia, käima käik, käigu, -u käre, -da, -dat kärpida, -ma käsi, käe, kätt käsivars, -varre, -vart sad cucumber throat where whence, from where call(ing), invitation call, invite moon, month hear belong famous announce announcement hot heat (up) six tickle stomach, belly first of all all everywhere waver, sway, rock walk speech, talk speak, talk high, tall height beside burn, singe hard in hand, present from go, walk, visit course, run, walk fierce, violent slash, cut out hand arm kätte köögivili, -vilja, -vilja köök, köögi, -i küla, –, – külaline, -lise, -list külastada, -ma küll küllalt külm, -a, -a külmkapp, -kapi, -kappi kümme, kümne, -t kümmekond küsida, -ma kütt, küti, -i küüs, küüne, küünt into (hands, possession) vegetable kitchen village guest, visitor visit indeed enough cold refrigerator ten about ten, ten or so ask hunter nail, claw L laev, -a, -a lahe, -da, -dat lahjendada, -ma lahke, –, -t lahkuda, -ma laht, lahe, -e lahti lai, -a, -a laimata, -ma lakkuda, -ma lamp, lambi, -i langeda, -ma laps, -e, last lapselik, -u, -ku lapsepõlv, -e, -e lapsevanker, -kri, -krit ship, vessel calm thin, dilute kind depart, leave bay open, loose (adv. ) broad, wide slander lick lamp fall child childish childhood perambulator, pram Estonian–English glossary las lasta, laskma lasteaed, -aia, -a latern, -a, -at laud, laua, -a laulda, -ma laulmine, -mise, -mist laupäev, -a, -a laut, lauda, -a lava, –, – Leedu, –, -t lehm, -a, -a leht, lehe, -e lehtpuu, –, -d leib, leiva, -a leida, leidma leil, -i, -i lendur, -i, -it lennuk, -i, -it lennuvägi, -väe, -väge leping, -u, -ut ligi liha, –, – lihtne, lihtsa, lihtsat liiga liige, liikme, -t liikuda, -ma liit, liidu, -u liiter, -tri, -trit liiv, -a, -a liivi lill, -e, -e lillkapsas, -kapsa, -kapsast linastada, -ma linastus, -e, -t let let kindergarten, nursery school lamp, lantern table, board sing singing Saturday cattle-shed, byre stage Lithuania cow leaf, sheet, newspaper deciduous tree bread find steam, vapour (in a saun) pilot, aviator aeroplane air force treaty near(ly) meat, flesh simple too, excessively member move union litre sand Livonian flower cauliflower show (on screen) showing 235 235 lind, linnu, -u linn, -a, -a lint, lindi, -i lipp, lipu, -u lisada, -ma loe, loode, -t loeng, -u, -ut lohk, lohu, -u lood, -i, -i loodus, -e, -t looming, -u, -ut loota, lootma lubada, -ma lugeda, -ma lugu, loo, – lumi, lume, lund lusikas, lusika, lusikat luua, looma luule, –, -t luuletaja, –, -t luuletus, -e, -t lõbu, –, – lõpetada, -ma lõpetanu, –, -t lõppeda, -ma lõug, lõua, -a lõuata, lõugama lõuna, –, -t bird town tape, band, ribbon flag add northwest lecture hollow, depression lead nature creation, creative work hope promise; allow read story, tale, case snow spoon create poetry poet poem pleasure, fun finish graduate (n. ) end chin bawl, yell south; dinner, lunch läbi ( postp. /prep. ) through läbida, -ma go/pass through lähedal ( postp. ) near läheneda, -ma approach läti Latvian Läti, –, -t Latvia lääs, lääne, läänt west lühike(ne), short, brief -kese, -kest 236 Estonian–English glossary lükata, lükkama lüüa, lööma push, shove; postpone hit, strike M ma = mina maa, –, -d maadelda, maadlema maailm, -a, -a maak, maagi, -i maantee, –, -d maastik, -u, -ku madal, -a, -at madalrõhk, -rõhu, -u magada, -ma magamistuba, -toa, – magister, -tri, -trit magus, -a, -at maha mahl, -a, -a mahtuda, -ma mai, –, -d mainida, -ma maitsestada, -ma maitsta, -ma maiustus, -e, -t maja, –, – majandus, -e, -t majandusteadlane, -lase, -last majandusteadus, -e, -t maksta, -ma mantel, -tli, -tlit mari, marja, marja I, me land, earth, country wrestle world ore highway landscape low low pressure sleep bedroom master sweet down, off, away juice fit in May mention season, give taste taste (good) sweet, candy house economy economist economics cost, pay coat berry mark, marga, -a marsruut, marsruudi, -i masin, -a, -at matemaatika, –, -t materjal, -i, -i matta, matma matus, -e, -t me = meie meel, -e, -t meeldida, -ma meeldiv, -a, -at meeleavaldus, -e, -t meelitada, -ma meelsasti meenutada, -ma mees, mehe, -t meeskond, -konna, konda meeter, meetri, meetrit meie, –, meid meierei, –, -d meister, meistri, meistrit meistrivõistlused, -ste, -si meri, mere, merd mererand, -ranna, randa mets, -a, -a metsik, -u, -kut midagi mark (currency) route machine mathematics material bury funeral we mind please pleasant demonstration lure, entice gladly recall, remind man team metre we; our dairy master championship sea seaside forest wild something, anything miks why millal when milline, -lise, -list which, what kind of mina, minu, mind I Estonian–English glossary minia, –, -t minna, minema minevik, -u, -ku mingi minu minut, -i, -it mis, mille, mida missugune, -suguse, -sugust mitte mitu, mitme, -t morss, morsi, -i Moskva, –, -t mu = minu muide daughter-in-law go, get past some my minute what, which what kind of not, no several, many fruit juice Moscow my by the way, incidentally muidu otherwise muidugi of course muinasjutt, -jutu, fairy tale -juttu mujal elsewhere mulje, –, -t impression mulk, mulgi, -i peasant from Viljandimaa province muna, –, – egg muretseda, -ma worry must, -a, -a black, dirty muu, –, -d other muuseum, -i, -i museum muutuda, -ma change, turn mõni, mõne, some mõnda mõnikord sometimes mõningane, some, certain -gase, -gast mõte, mõtte, -t thought, idea mõ(t)elda, think mõtlema mõõde, mõõtme, dimension mõõdet 237 237 mõõk, mõõga, -a mäestik, -u, -ku mägi, mäe, mäge mäletada, -ma mälu, –, – mäng, -u, -u mängida, -ma märg, märja, -a märgata, märkama märkida, -ma märts, -i, -i mässata, -ma möirata, möirgama mööbel, mööbli, mööblit mööduda, -ma möödunud müts, -i, -i müüa, müüma müüja, –, -t müük, müügi, -i sword mountain range mountain, hill remember memory game play wet notice mark March revolt, rebel roar (item of) furniture pass past, last cap sell shop assistant sale N naaber, naabri, naabrit nad = nemad nael, -a, -a naerda, -ma nagu naine, naise, naist nali, nalja, nalja natuke(ne) need neiu, –, -t neli, nelja, nelja neljapäev, -a, -a nemad, nende, neid nii neighbour they pound laugh (such) as woman joke a little these, those girl, young lady four Thursday they so, thus 238 Estonian–English glossary both... and) just as, just the same nimi, nime, nime name ning and (also) no well noor, -e, -t young noormees, -mehe, young man -meest noorus, -e, -t youth novell, -i, -i short story november, -bri, November -brit nuga, noa, – knife number, -bri, -brit number nurk, nurga, -a corner nutta, nutma weep nõges, -e, -t nettle nõrk, nõrga, -a weak nõrkus, -e, -t weakness nõu, –, – vessel, dish; advice, counsel nõuda, nõudma demand nõukogu, –, – Soviet, council, board nädal, -a, -at week nädalapäev, -a, -a weekday nädalavahetus, weekend -e, t nägemiseni see you later, goodbye nägu, näo, – face näha, nägema see näidata, näitama show näide, näite, -t example näidelda, näitlema act näitleja, –, -t actor nööp, nööbi, -i button nöör, -i, -i rope nüüd now nüüdisaeg, -aja, the present aega (nii... kui ka niisama O odav, -a, -at oktoober, -bri, -brit olla, olema olukord, -korra, -korda olümpiamängud oma omapärane, -pärase, -pärast onu, –, – ooper, -i, -it oodata, ootama ordu, –, -t orel, -i, -it orkester, -tri, -trit osa, –, – osata, oskama osta, ostma ots, -a, -a otse otsida, -ma otsustada, -ma cheap October be situation, condition Olympic games own peculiar uncle opera wait, expect order organ orchestra, band part be able, know how buy end straight, direct seek, search decide P paar, -i, -i paat, paadi, -i pada, paja, – pagar, -i, -it paha, –, – paiguti paik, paiga, -a paiku ( postp. ) paista, paistma pakane, -kase, -kast pair, couple boat pot baker bad, evil in places place about, towards shine, seem frost, cold weather Estonian–English glossary burst (open) packet pack offer thick, fat fever, temperature palju, –, – much palk, palga, -a wages, salary paluda, -ma ask for, request palun please; you’re welcome pank, panga, -ka bank panna, panema put pantida, -ma pledge, pawn paraad, -i, -i parade parajasti just/right now paras, paraja, appropriate, parajat right pardel, pardli, razor pardlit parem, -a, -at better, right park, pargi, -i park parkett, parketi, parquet parketti pasknäär, -i, -i jay pasta, –, -t paste pea, –, -d head peaaegu almost peaaine main subject peale on, onto, after, as well as pealt from the top peamine, -mise, chief, main -mist peatuda, -ma stop, halt peatus, -e, -t stop, halt peegel, peegli, mirror peeglit pehme, –, -t soft peilida, -ma sound, gauge pere, –, -t household pakatada, -ma pakk, paki, -i pakkida, -ma pakkuda, -ma paks, -u, -u palavik, -u, -ku 239 239 perekond, -konna, -konda perenaine, -naise, -naist periood, -i, -i pesa, –, – pesta, pesema pesu, –, – pesukoda, pesukoja, – pettuda, -ma pidada, -ma pidev, -a, -at pidu, peo, – pidulik, -u, -ku pihta ( postp. ) piim, -a, -a piir, -i, -i piirata, -ma piisata, -ma piki ( prep. ) pikk, pika, -a pliet, -i, -it pill, -i, -i pilt, pildi, -i pilv, -e, -e pime, -da, -dat pipar, pipra, pipart piparkook, -koogi, -kooki pisike(ne), -kese, kest pisut plaan, -i, -i planeerida, -ma pluus, -i, -i family lady of the house period nest wash washing, laundry; underwear laundry (place) be disappointed hold, keep; have to continuous feast, festival festive, solemn at milk border limit; besiege suffice along long ticket (musical) instrument picture cloud dark pepper gingerbread small, tiny a little bit (adv. ) plan plan blouse 240 Estonian–English glossary boy, son boy, lad isn’t, am not, aren’t pommitada, -ma bombard pood, poe, -i shop pool, -e, -t half pool ( postp. ) at, towards poola Polish poole ( postp. ) to the side of, towards, poolt ( postp. ) from the side of poolteist one and a half porgand, -i, -it carrot praad, prae, -i meat (fried, roasted) praadida, -ma fry, roast praegu now prantslane, -lase, Frenchman -last pressida, -ma press prillid, -e, prille glasses, spectacles proosa, –, -t prose proovida, -ma test, try provints, -i, -i province pruun, -i, -i brown pruut, pruudi, -i bride, fiancée puhas, puhta, -t clean puhastada, -ma clean puhastus, -e, -t cleaning puhata, puhkama rest puhkpill, -i, -i wind instrument puhkus, -e, -t rest, holiday puhuda, -ma blow puhul ( postp. ) on the occasion of pulm, -a, -a wedding punane, punase, red punast poeg, poja, -a poiss, poisi, -i pole = ei ole punetada, -ma puri, purje, purje purk, purgi, -i puru, –, – puu, –, -d puuvill, -a, -a põhiline, -lise, -list põleda, -ma põlv, -e, -e põnevus, -e, -t põrand, -a, -at põrm, -u, -u põsk, põse, põske põõsas, põõsa, -t päev, -a, -a päike(ne), päikese, päikest pärast ( prep. / postp. ) pärastlõuna, –, -t päris päästa, päästma pöök, pöögi, -i pöörata, -ma pöörduda, -ma püha, –, – pühak, -u, -kut pühapäev, -a, -a pühkida, -ma püksid, pükste, pükse püss, -i, -i püsti püüda, püüdma püüelda, püüdlema glow, redden sail jar speck, crumb tree; wood cotton basic, fundamental burn generation excitement, thrill floor dust, earth cheek bush day sun after, out of afternoon quite, completely save, rescue beech turn (tr. ) turn (intr. ) holy, sacred, holiday saint Sunday sweep trousers gun up, upright try, attempt strive R raadio, –, -t raamat, -u, -ut raamatukogu, –, – rabelda, rabelema raha, –, – rahaühik, -u, -kut radio book library flounder, struggle money monetary unit, currency rahu, –, – peace rahvahulk, -hulga, crowd of -hulka people rahvas, rahva, -t people, nation, folk rajada, -ma found, establish rannik, -u, -ut coast raske, –, -t heavy, difficult rasv, -a, -a fat, grease ratas, ratta, -t wheel raud, raua, rauda iron (n. ) raudne, -se, -set iron (adj. ) raudtee, –, -d railway reede, –, -t Friday regatt, regati, -i regatta reis, -i, -i journey, trip reisida, -ma travel reisirong, -i, -i passenger train reklaam, -i, -i advertisement rekord, -i, -it record restoran, -i, -i restaurant revolutsiooniline, revolutionary -ise, -ist rida, rea, – row, line rihm, -a, -a strap, belt riie, riide, -t cloth, (article of) clothing riietuda, -ma dress riigikord, political system, -korra, -a regime riik, riigi, -i state 241 241 riiul, -i, -it shelf rikas, rikka, -t rich rikkalik, -u, -ku abundant rike, rikke, -t flaw, fault ring, -i, -i circle ringi around rist, -i, -i cross risttee, –, -d crossroad roheline, -lise, -list green rohkem more romaan, -i, -i novel rong, -i, -i train roosa, –, -t pink Rootsi, –, -t Sweden rootsi Swedish ropp, ropu, -u coarse, indecent rukis, rukki, -t rye rutiin, -i, -i routine ruttu quickly, swiftly ruum, -i, -i space, room ruut, ruudu, -u square, pane rõhk, rõhu, rõhu pressure, stress rõivas, rõiva, garment rõivast rõõm, -u, -u joy rõõmus, rõõmsa, joyful, glad rõõmsat rõõmustav, -a, -at pleasant, delightful rätik, -u, -kut kerchief rätsep, -a, -at tailor rääkida, rääkima speak rüpp, rüpe, -e lap, bosom S sa = sina saabas, saapa, -t saabuda, -ma saada, -ma saade, saate, -t you boot arrive get, become broadcast, transmission 242 Estonian–English glossary saal, -i, -i saan, -i, -i saar, -e, -t saata, saatma saatekava, –, – saatus, -e, -t sada, saja, – sadada, -ma sadam, -a, -at sademed, sademete, sademeid sageli sahiseda, -ma sai, -a, -a saiake, -se, -st sajand, -i, -it saksa Saksamaa, –, -d sakslane, -lase, -last salat, -i, -it sall, -i, -i sama, –, – sang, -a, -a sari, sarja, sarja saun, -a, -a hall sleigh island send broadcast schedule fate, destiny hundred fall, precipitate harbour precipitation often rustle white bread bun century German Germany German (person) salad shawl same handle, frame series sauna, bath-house seadus, -e, -t law seal there seapraad, -prae, -i roast pork see, selle, seda this, that seejuures at that, in so doing seejärel after that, thereupon seelik, -u, -ut skirt seen, -e, -t mushroom seesugune, such, that -suguse, kind of -sugust wall standing, stopping seista, -ma stand seitse, seitsme, -t seven sekund, -i, -it second selg, selja, -a back selge, –, -t bright, clear selgida, -ma clear up se(ll)epärast therefore selts, -i, -i society, company seminar, -i, -i seminar sent, sendi, -i cent (Estonian currency) sentimeeter, centimetre -meetri, -meetrit sepp, sepa, -a smith september, September -bri, -brit serveerida, -ma serve (up) sest for sibul, -a, -at onion siduda, -ma bind, tie siga, sea, – pig sigar, -i, -it cigar sigarett, cigarette sigareti, -i siin here siis then siiski still, nevertheless, anyway sild, silla, -a bridge silitada, -ma stroke sina, sinu, sind you (sing., familiar) sinine, sinise, blue sinist sinna there, thither sinu your(s) (sing. ) sein, -a, -a seis, -u, -u Estonian–English glossary sisse sobida, -ma soe, sooja, sooja sokk, soki, -i soodus, soodsa, soodsat sool, -a, -a soolane, -lase, -last soome Soome, –, -t soomlane, -lase, -last soovida, -ma soovitada, -ma sotsiaalne, -se, -set sotsialistlik, -u, -ku spetsialist, -i, -i sport, spordi, -i sportlane, -lase, -last staadion, -i, -i staazˇ, -i, -i stiil, -i, -i struktuur, -i, -i stuudio, –, -t sugu, soo, sugulane, -lase, -last suhteline, -lise, -list suits, -u, -u suitsetada, -ma sulada, -ma sulg, sule, -e sulgeda, -ma supp, supi, -i surm, -a, -a surra, surema in(to) suit, fit warm sock favourable salt salty Finnish Finland Finn wish recommend social socialist specialist sport sports(wo)man stadium length of service style structure studio genus, stock, family relative, relation relative (adj. ) smoke smoke melt, thaw feather, pen shut, close soup death die 243 243 suu, –, -d suur, -e, -t suusatada, -ma suvi, suve, suve suvila, –, -t sõber, sõbra, sõpra sõbralik, -u, -ku sõda, sõja, – sõdur, -i, -it sõit, sõidu, -u sõita, sõitma sõajväelane, -lase, -last sõltuda, -ma sõna, –, – sõnastik, -u, -ku sõstar, sõstra, -t säilida, -ma särk, särgi, -i säärane, säärase, säärast söök, söögi, -i söökla, –, -t süda, -me, -nt sügav, -a, -at sügis, -e, -t sült, süldi, -i sündida, -ma sündmus, -e, -t sünnipäev, -a, -a süsi, söe, sütt süü, –, -d süüa, sööma 1otimaa, –, -d mouth big, great ski summer summer cottage friend friendly war soldier ride, trip ride, travel, go (by vehicle) serviceman depend word glossary currant be preserved shirt such food, meal cafeteria heart deep autumn jellied meat be born event, happening birthday coal guilt eat Scotland T ta = tema taani he, she Danish 244 Estonian–English glossary Taani, –, -t taas taevas, taeva, -t taga ( postp. ) taganeda, -ma tagant tagasi tagastada, -ma taha tahta, tahtma tallata, -ma Tallinn, -a, -a talv, -e, -e talvine, -vise, -vist tantsija, –, -t taoline, -lise, -list tarve, tarbe, -t tarvis tasakesi tasku, –, -t taskurätt, -räti, -i tass, -i, -i tassida, -ma tavaline, -lise, -list te = teie teada, teadma teade, teate, -t teadus, -e, -t teaduskond, -konna, -a teatada, -ma teatejooks, -u, -u teater, teatri, teatrit tee, –, -d teema, –, -t teenida, -ma teenistus, -e, -t Denmark again sky, heaven behind recede, retreat from behind back (again), ago return, give back back, behind want tread capital city of Estonia winter wintry dancer such, similar need, want, requirement necessary, needed quietly pocket handkerchief cup drag ordinary you know (item of) news, information science faculty announce, notify relay race theatre road, way; tea theme, subject serve service tegelda, tegelema be engaged, occupied tegelikkus, -e, -t actuality tegur, teguri, factor tegurit teha, tegema do, make tehniline, technical -lise, -list teie, –, -d you, your (plural, polite) teine, teise, teist second, other teisipäev, -a, -a Tuesday tekitada, -ma arouse, give rise to, cause televiisor, -i, -it television set tellida, -ma order tema, –, teda he, she temperatuur, temperature -i, -i teos, -e, -t work, production tere! hi! hello! (tere tulemast! welcome) terve, –, -t whole, complete, well, sound tervis, -e, -t health (also = tere! ) tina, –, – lead, tin tingimus, -e, -t condition toetus, -e, -t support, backing tohtida, -ma may, be allowed toit, toidu, -u food tont, tondi, -i ghost tool, -i, -i chair toomkirik, -u, -ut cathedral toon, -i, -i tone, shade toores, toore, -t raw toorsalat, -i, -it green salad tore, -da, -dat fine, splendid torm, -i, -i storm torn, -i, -i tower tort, tordi, -i cake, tart Estonian–English glossary traditsioon, -i, -i traditsiooniline, -lise, -list trollibuss, -i, -i truudus, -e, -t tradition traditional trolleybus faithfulness, loyalty trükkida, -ma print tsaar, -i, -i tsar tsensor, -i, -it censor tsensuur, -i, -i censorship tuba, toa, – room tubli, –, -t fine, good tugev, -a, -at strong, sturdy tugi, toe, tuge support tugitool, -i, -i armchair tuksuda, -ma throb, beat tulev, -a, -at coming, future tulla, tulema come tuli, tule, tuld fire tume, -da, -dat dark tund, tunni, -i hour tunda, tundma know, be acquainted, feel tunduv, -a, -at perceptible turg, turu, -u market tuttav, -a, -at acquaintance tutvuda, -ma get acquainted tutvustada, -ma acquaint tuua, tooma bring tuul, -e, -t wind tuuline, -lise, -list windy tõenäoline, probable, likely -lise, -list tõesti really tõlk, tõlgi, -i interpreter tõlkida, -ma translate tõmmata, pull, draw tõmbama tõotada, -ma pledge tõttu ( postp. ) because of tõusta, -ma rise 245 245 tädi, –, – täht, tähe, tähte tähtis, tähtsa, tähtsat täiendada, -ma täiesti täis, täie, täit täitsa = täiesti täna (täna öösel tänada, -ma tänav, -a, -at täpne, täpse, täpset töö, –, -d töökaaslane, -lase, -last tööline, -lise, -list töötada, -ma tüdruk, -u, -ut tükeldada, -ma tükk, tüki, -i tünn, -i, -i tütar, tütre, -t tütarlaps, -e, -last aunt star important complement, complete fully full completely today tonight) thank street exact work workmate, colleague worker work girl cut up piece, item barrel daughter girl U udu, –, – uhke, –, -t uisutada, -ma ujuda, -ma uks, -e, ust ulatuda, -ma umbes uni, une, und unistada, -ma unustada, -ma uriseda, -ma uskuda, -ma mist proud skate swim door stretch, reach about, approximately sleep dream forget growl believe 246 Estonian–English glossary uudis, -e, -t uurida, -ma uus, uue, uut (piece of) news investigate, study new V vaadata, vaatama vaba, –, – vabadus, -e, -t vabandada, -ma vabariik, -riigi, -i vaevalt vahe, –, -t vaheaeg, -aja, -a vahel ( postp. ) vaheldus, -e, -t vahele vahend, -i, -it vahepeal vahetada, -ma vahetus, -e, -t vaht, vahu, -u vahukoor, -e, -t vahva, –, -t vaikida, -ma vaikne, vaikse, vaikset vaip, vaiba, -a vaja vajalik, -u, -ku vajada, -ma valdus, -e, -t vale, –, -t valge, –, -t valgus, -e, -t valida, -ma look free freedom pardon, excuse republic hardly difference, space between, interval interval, vacation between (adv. ) sometimes alternation in between, amongst means meanwhile exchange exchange foam whipped cream brave be silent silent carpet necessary necessary need possession lie white light choose valik, -u, -ut valimised, -miste, -misi valitsus, -e, -t vallutada, -ma valmis valmisriided valmistada, -ma valu, –, – valutada, -ma valve, –, -t vana, –, – vanaema, –, – vanaisa, –, – vanduda, -ma vanem, -a, -at vann, -i, -i vara varastada, varastama vare, -me, -t variseda, -ma varsti varustus, -e, -t vasak, -u, -ut vastas vastata, -ma vastav, -a, -at vastu vastuvõtja, –, -t vastuvõtt, -võtu, -u vedada, -ma vedu, veo, – veebruar, -i, -i veel choice election government conquer ready ready-made clothes prepare, manufacture pain hurt, ache guard, watch old grandmother grandfather swear parent bath early (adv. ) steal ruin fall, collapse soon equipment left opposite answer, correspond corresponding against, opposite, towards receptionist reception, acceptance draw, pull pulling, draught February still, yet, even Estonian–English glossary veelkord veerand, -i, -it veereda, -ma veidi vein, -i, -i vend, venna, -a vene Venemaa, –, -d veri, vere, verd vesi, vee, vett videolint, -lindi, -i viga, vea, – vihm, vihma, vihma vihmahoog, -hoo, -hoogu vihmane, -mase, -mast vihmavari, -varju, -varju viia, viima viimane, -mase, -mast viin, -a, -a viis, viie, viit viiul, -i, -it vili, vilja, vilja viljelda, viljelema vill, -a, -a villane, -lase, -last vilu, –, – vinge, –, vinget vist voodi, –, -t vorst, -i, -i või või, –, -d võib-olla võida, -ma võidukas, võiduka, -t once more quarter roll a little wine brother Russian Russia blood water videotape mistake, fault rain shower (of rain) wet, rainy umbrella carry, take last spirits, liquor five violin fruit cultivate wool woollen cool, chilly cutting, piercing probably bed sausage or butter perhaps, maybe be able, can victorious 247 247 võileib, -leiva, -leiba võim, -u, -u võimalik, -u, -ku võimalus, -e, -t võimukandja, –, -t võistlus, -e, -t võit, võidu, -u võita, võitma võitlus, -e, -t võsa, –, – võti, võtme, võtit võtta, võtma võõras, võõra, -t võõrkeel, -e, -t väevõim, -u, -u väga vägisi vähe vähem vähemalt vähevõitu väike, -se, -st väimees, -mehe, -meest välismaa, –, -d välja väljaanne, -ande, -t väljak, -u, -ut väljuda, -ma värske, –, -t värss, värsi, -i värv, -i, -i väsida, -ma väsinud väsitada, -ma sandwich power possible possibility potentate competition victory win fight, struggle brushwood key take strange, foreign foreign language force, violence very by force little, not much less at least rather little little, small son-in-law foreign countries, abroad out edition, publication place, square go out, leave, depart fresh verse colour tire, get tired tired tire, fatigue 248 Õ õde, õe, – õhk, õhu, -u õhtu, –, -t õhtuti õige, –, -t õigus, -e, -t õitseda, -ma õlu, –, -t õmblus, -e, -t õmmelda, õmblema õnn, -e, -e õnneks õnnelik, -u, -ku õnnestuda, -ma õnnetu, –, -t õpetada, -ma õpetaja, –, -t õpetatud õpik, -u, -ut õpilane, -lase, -last õppejõud, -jõu, -jõudu õppida, -ma õrn, -a, -a õu, -e, -e õun, -a, -a sister air evening in the evenings right, correct right(s) flourish, flower beer seam sew happiness, luck fortunately happy succeed unhappy teach teacher learned textbook student instructor, lecturer learn, study delicate, tender yard apple Ä äge, -da, -dat ähkida, -ma äi, -a, -a äkki ämm, -a, -a ära, ärge ära vehement, violent puff, wheeze, pant father-in-law suddenly mother-in-law don’t away, off, out (ära tunda ärgata, ärkama äri, –, – äär, -e, -t recognize) wake business, shop edge Ö öelda, ütlema öine, öise, öist öö, –, -d öösel say nocturnal, nightly night at night Ü üheksa, -, -t ühik, -u, -ut üks, ühe, üht üksi ükskõik üksmeelne, -meelse, -meelset ülal üldine, üldise, üldist üldse üle üleeile nine unit one alone all the same, doesn’t matter unanimous up general at all, altogether over, above the day before yesterday ülehomme the day after tomorrow ülekanne, -kande, transmission, -kannet relay üles up ülespidi, upward ülespoole ülestõus, -u, -u uprising, rebellion ületamatu, –, -t unsurpassed, insurmountable Estonian–English glossary ülikond, ülikonna, -a ülikool, -i, -i üliõpilane, -õpilase, -õpilast suit university university student 249 249 ümber ümbrik, -u, -ku ümbrus, -e, -t üsna round envelope environment, surroundings rather, quite English–Estonian glossary This glossary is intended for use in conjunction with the exercises. If you are uncertain of the declension of a noun or the conjugation of a verb, look up the Estonian word in the Estonian–English glossary. A about (approx. ) abroad (become) acquainted actor again all along already always and (to) anywhere April around as ask August aunt autumn umbes välismaal tutvuma näitleja jälle kõik piki juba alati ja kuhugi aprill ringi kuna küsima august tädi sügis before beside big black blouse book (be) born boy bridge bright building bun bury bus but buy saada voodi; go to bed magama minema enne kõrval suur must pluus raamat sündima poiss sild selge hoone saiake matma buss aga ostma C B bank bay be become bed pank laht olla call can car kutsuma võima; saama auto 5/30/08, 16:57 English–Estonian glossary case cat century change cheese child church cinema clock clothes cloudy coffee come comfortable country couple cream cup kohver kass sajand vahetama juust laps kirik kino kell riided pilvine kohv tulema mugav maa paar koor; kreem tass D daughter day tütar päev; day before yesterday üleeile December detsember decide otsustama department store kaubamaja depend sõltuma die surema directly otse dirty must doctor arst don’t ära (sing. ), ärge ( pl. ) drink jooma dry kuiv 251 eat eight engineer England epic Estonia Europe even every excuse expect expensive sööma kaheksa insener Inglismaa eepos Eesti Euroopa veel iga vabandama ootama kallis F father feel film Finland five flat food four free friend (in) front (of) isa tundma film Soome viis korter toit neli vaba sõber ees G garden generation get give glass go good grow aed põlvkond saama; (up) üles tõusma andma klaas minema hea kasvama E each eastern easy H iga idakerge half hall 251 pool saal 252 English–Estonian glossary he health help here high home (n. ) hot hotel hour how husband tema, ta tervis; good for health tervislik aitama siin kõrge kodu; (adv. ) koju kuum hotell tund kuidas mees I I if important inside interesting invite Ireland mina, ma kui tähtis sisse huvitav kutsuma Iirimaa J journey July June reis juuli juuni lie (tell lies) literature little valetama kirjandus väike; a little natuke elama pikk; kaua vaatama; look for otsima palju live long look (a) lot (of) M main man many May meet (in the) middle (of) milk mind money month more morning mother mountain my peamees palju mai kohtama keset piim meel raha kuu rohkem hommik ema mägi minu, mu N K know teadma; tundma L last later Latvia leave lecture left (side) möödunud hiljem Läti jätma loeng vasak near need new next nice nine no north not nothing November lähedal tarvis olema uus järgmine meeldiv üheksa ei põhi ei ei midagi november O o’clock often old one only open our out over S kell sageli vana üks ainult avama meie (oma) välja üle P paper (newspaper) part past peace perhaps play (at) present ajaleht osa läbi rahu võib-olla mängima praegu Q quarter quiet veerand vaikne R railway station rain (n. ) read relative remain restaurant rich right (side) ring room round run 253 raudteejaam vihm; (v. ) sadama lugema sugulane jääma restoran rikas parem helistama tuba ringi, ümber jooksma sailing trip sandwich Saturday sausage school seaside see self September seven several she shoe shop short should shower sick sing sister sit six ski sleep small some (to) somewhere soon south southwest spread (move) stand station stay still stop (v. ) straight street study meresõit võileib laupäev vorst kool mererand nägema ise september seitse mitmed tema, ta king pood, kauplus lühike peaks vihmahoog haige laulma õde istuma kuus suusatama magama väike mingi kuhugi varsti lõuna edel liikuma seisma jaam jääma veel peatuma; (n. ) peatus otse tänav õppima 254 English–Estonian glossary summer Sunday sunny sunshine surely suvi pühapäev päikeseline päikesepaiste kindlasti T table take talk taste tea teacher television tell temperature than thank thank you that their there there to meet they think this three ticket tight time tired today together tomorrow tonight too town train travel trip laud võtma rääkima maitsma tee õpetaja televiisor rääkima temperatuur kui tänama aitäh see; et nende seal; vastas nemad, nad mõtlema, arvama see kolm pilet kitsas aeg väsinud täna koos homme täna öösel ka; liiga linn rong sõitma reis turn two muutuma kaks U uncle under university until onu all ülikool kuni V very visit väga külastama, külas käima, külla tulema W wait walk want watch water we weather Wednesday week welcome! well west wet when where whilst who whole why winter without ootama kõndima, jalutama tahtma vaatama vesi meie, me ilm kolmapäev nädal tere tulemast! hästi lääs märg, vihmane millal kus, kuhu kuna kes kogu, terve miks talv ilma English–Estonian glossary work (n. ) worry write teos, töö; (v. ) töötama muretsema kirjutama yesterday yet you (sing. ) young your (sing. ) Y year yes 255 eile veel, juba sina, sa; ( pl. ) teie, te noor sinu; ( pl. ) teie aasta jah 255 Grammatical index The numbers refer to the units in the book. In the index headings, Estonian words are in bold type. abessive case 10 ablative case 8 accusative case 3 adessive case 3 adjectives: comparative 6; declension 5; ending in ‘-ne’ 9; formed from nouns 12; superlative 9; word formation 20 adverbs 4; comparative 8; from passive verbs 17; superlative 20; word formation 20 agent nouns 12 allative case 3 conjunctions 3, 18 consonant gradation 1, 2 consonants, voiced and unvoiced see The sounds of Estonian cardinal numbers 3, 4 case agreement, declension of adjectives 5 cases 13; abessive, 10; ablative 8; accusative 3; adessive, 3; allative 3; comitative 3; elative 3; essive 12; genitive 3, 4, 9; illative 2, 3; inessive 1; local 13; nominative 1, 6; noun 1; partitive 2, 5, 7, 10, 11; terminative 4; translative 8 clauses: subjectless 14; subordinate 18 comitative case 3 comparative, of adjectives 6; of adverbs 8 compound nouns 3, 17 conditional mood 8, 10 conjugation 1, 3 feminine nouns 17, 20 foreign names, declension 14, 16 declension of adjectives 5; of foreign names 14, 16; of ordinal numbers 19 definiteness 1 diminutives, word formation 20 elative case 3 essive case 12 genitive case 1, 3, 4, 9; plural 9; stem 3 gerunds 8, 17 illative case 2, 3 imperative 2; first person plural 16; impersonal 18; negative 5; object of 15; second person singular 3 impersonal form, present tense 15 indefiniteness 1 inessive case 1 infinitive 1 irregular verbs 2 local cases 13 257 negative: imperative 5; participle ‘ei’ 2; of past tense 12 nominative case 1; plural 6 nouns: agent 12; cases 1 (see also cases); compound 3, 17; feminine 17, 20; word formation 20 numbers: cardinal 3; ordinal 4 oblique mood 11 optional pronouns 1 ordinal numbers 8; declension 19 participles: indeclinable 13; past 9; present active (‘-v’) 17; present continuous (‘-mas’) 13 partitive case 2, 5, 7, 10; ending in ‘-ne’ 10; plural 11 passive form, present tense 15 passive past participle 15 past participle 9 past tense 3, 4; negative 12; passive 16 phrases 19 postpositions 4, 13; as adverbs 14 prepositions 4, 13 present active participle ‘-v’ 17 present continuous participle ‘-mas’ 13 present tense 1; vowel change 5 pronouns 1; optional 1; partitive forms 7 reported speech, ‘quoting’ mode 20 second infinitive 3, 9 subjectless clauses 14 subjunctive mood 8, 10 subordinate clauses 18 superlative: of adjectives 9; of adverbs 10 tag questions 11 tenses: past 3, 4; present 1 terminative case 4 translative case 8 verbs 1; conjugation 1; irregular 2; past tense 3, 4; present tense 1; used with adverbs 14; word formation 20 vowels see The sounds of Estonian word formation, with suffixes 20 word order 4, 18 6/2/08, 10:45.

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My Boyfriend s Meds

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